However, any government creating controls for precursor chemicals must consider the tactics that will be developed in response. Flour. Stevenson noted that the amounts of grain used in home cooking arent really enough to do serious damage. Gas compressed things EXPLODE, or things that become gas on de-pressure. Although the detonation combustion mode produces the most severe damage, fast deflagrations of the cloud can result from flame acceleration under confined and congested conditions. Denied the precursors for simple blends, they resort to processing materials to produce the feedstock of their explosives, such as by isolating AN from CAN. How Do Fertilizer Bombs Work? | Live Science View our suggested citation for this chapter. The Kornet has since been upgraded to the Kornet-EM, and its thermobaric variant has a maximum range of 10km (6mi) and has a TNT equivalence of 7kg (15lb). Flour and Gasoline Bomb : r/AbruptChaos - Reddit 2 Precursor Chemicals Used to Make Homemade Explosives, 6 Potential Approaches to Restricting Malicious Actors' Access to Precursor Chemicals: Conclusions and Recommendations, Appendix C: History of High-Profile Bombing Attacks, Appendix D: Group A Chemical Supply Chains, Appendix G: Methods and Limitations of Regulatory Assessment, Appendix H: Examples of Retail-Level Control Strategies and Other Measures or Activities, Appendix I: Committee Member and Staff Biographies, 1983-Beirut Barracks Bombing *Beirut, London), 1983-US Embassy Bombings (Beirut, Lebanon), 1992-St. Mary Axe Bombing (London, United Kingdom), 1993-World Trade Center Bombing (New York, NY), 1993-Bishopsgate Bombing (London, United Kingdom), 1995-Oklahoma City Bombing (Oklahoma City, OK), 1996-Manchester Shopping Mall (Manchester, United Kingdom), 1996-South Quay Bombing (London, United Kingdom), 1996-Khobar Towers Bombing (Khobar, Saudi Arabia), 1998-US Embassy Bombings (Tanzania, Kenya), 1999-Millennial Bomber Interdiction (Port Angeles, WA), 2002-Bali Nightclub Bombing (Bali, Indonesia), 2003-Marriott Hotel Jakarta Bombing (Jakarta, Indonesia), 2003-Britsh Consulate Bombing (Istanbul, Turkey), 2003-Casablanca Bombings (Casablanca, Morocco), 2004-Australian Embassy Attack (Jakarta, Indonesia), 2004-US Consulate Failed Attack (Karachi, Pakistan), 2004-Distrupted Jordanian Attack (Amman, Jordan), 2004-US Embassy Attack (Tashkent, Uzbekistan), 2004-Madrid Train Bombings (Madrid, Spain), 2005-7/7 Underground Bombing (London, United Kingdom), 2005-7/21 Bombing (London, United Kingdom), 2006-Operation Overt (London, United Kingdom), 2009-Operation Highrise Interdiction (Denver, CO/New York, NY), 2010-Printer Bombs (United Kingdom, United Arab Emirates), 2010-Failed Times Square Plot (New York, NY), 2011-Khalid Ali-M Aldawsari Plot (Lubbock, TX), 2002-Aurora Theater Shooting (Aurora, CO), 2013-Boston Marathon Bombings (Boston, MA), 2016-Brussels Attacks (Brussels, Belguim), 2016-Ahmad Khan Rahami (New York/New Jersey). [47] The Iskander-M theatre ballistic missile can also carry a 700kg (1,540lb) thermobaric warhead.[48]. Copyright 2023 National Academy of Sciences. Many precursor chemicals are frequently used in industrial manufacturing and may be available as commercial products for personal use. In September 2007, Russia exploded the largest thermobaric weapon ever made, and claimed that its yield was equivalent to that of a nuclear weapon. Flour Bombs + Gasoline - YouTube [92], Reports by the rebel fighters of the Free Syrian Army claim the Syrian Air Force used such weapons against residential area targets occupied by the rebel fighters, such as during the Battle of Aleppo[93] and in Kafar Batna. The main charge of an IED contains the largest amount of explosive; a description of the main charge used in each attack is shown in Table 2-1, along with the estimated mass. In this study, the committee chose to conduct an in-depth examination of the Group A precursor chemicals. 07-07-2011 02:51:10 ZULU, A New Set of Blast Curves from Vapor Cloud Explosion. Explosions in mines were always blamed on gas, until it was shown that coal dust alone can create a blast. Flame propagation speed has a significant influence on the blast parameters both inside and outside the source volume. ESTILL COUNTY, Ky. ( WKYT /Gray News) - Homes were evacuated and a road was shut down after police discovered a live military-style explosive device inside a house in Irvine, Kentucky. The KAB-1500S GLONASS/GPS guided 1,500kg (3,300lb) bomb also has a thermobaric variant. The shock wave from a TNT explosion is of relatively short duration, while the blast wave produced by an explosion of hydrocarbon material displays a relatively long duration. About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features NFL Sunday Ticket Press Copyright . For instance, factories are encouraged to improve their ventilation and install a dust extraction system. "[62], In 2018, the MoD accidentally divulged the details of General Atomics MQ-9 Reapers utilised by the Royal Air Force (RAF) during the Syrian civil war, which revealed that the drones were equipped with AGM-114 Hellfire missiles. [4] Their reliance on atmospheric oxygen makes them unsuitable for use under water, at high altitude, and in adverse weather. For gasoline vapor, the explosive range is from 1.3 to 6.0% vapor to air, and for methane this range is 5 to 15%. Bombe glace - Wikipedia On May 2, 1878, a tragic explosion stroke the Washburn "A" Mill which was the largest flour mill in the United States at that time. Video: A quick tutorial on "safe" fire-breathing using corn starch to create blow fire Notice that the corn starch used in the video isnt confined, so it doesnt cause an explosion, just a nice fireball. 2020 Beirut explosion Coordinates: 335405N 353109E On 4 August 2020, a large amount of ammonium nitrate stored at the Port of Beirut in the capital city of Lebanon exploded, causing at least 218 deaths, 7,000 injuries, and US$ 15 billion in property damage, as well as leaving an estimated 300,000 people homeless. During the 1990s, PIRA perfected the CAN and icing sugar mixture and used it in four major bombings in England. The National Academies 1998 short list, which was later applied by the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) to construct the list of chemicals in the Chemical Facilities Anti-Terrorism Standards (CFATS) Appendix A, only focused on precursor chemicals that made charges with larger mass sizes suitable for VBIEDs. This HESH round packs thermobaric explosives into the tank shells to increase the effectiveness against enemy bunkers and light armoured vehicles. In an attempt to disrupt the match, flour bombs, along with flares, leaflets and a parachute-support banner reading "Biko" were dropped into Eden Park from a light plane flying overhead. Future US, Inc. Full 7th Floor, 130 West 42nd Street, The overpressure and heat causes damage to enemy fortified structures like bunkers and buildings and for soft targets like enemy personnel and light armoured vehicles. It is the essential source of information and ideas that make sense of a world in constant transformation. The duration of the positive phase of a shock wave is an important parameter in the response of structures to a blast. [101][102], Jemaah Islamiyah bombers used a shock-dispersed solid fuel charge,[103] based on the thermobaric principle,[104] to attack the Sari nightclub during the 2002 Bali bombings. Great white sharks are washing up on Canadian beaches but experts claim this could be a good thing, Fountains of diamonds erupt from Earth's center as supercontinents break up, In rare case, man's brain starts to bleed following tooth extraction at the dentist, The ultimate action-packed science and technology magazine bursting with exciting information about the universe, Subscribe today and save an extra 5% with checkout code 'LOVE5', Engaging articles, amazing illustrations & exclusive interviews, Issues delivered straight to your door or device. Thus, there is an inherent danger in making, handling, transporting, and storing improvised detonators. On 3 March 2002, a single 2,000lb (910kg) laser guided thermobaric bomb was used by the United States Air Force against cave complexes in which Al-Qaeda and Taliban fighters had taken refuge in the Gardez region of Afghanistan. ", "HELLFIRE Thermobaric Warhead Approved for Production", "AGM-114N Metal Augmented Charge (MAC) Thermobaric Hellfire", "Backgrounder on Russian Fuel Air Explosives ('Vacuum Bombs')", Russian Lessons Learned From the Battles For Grozny, "New RPO Shmel-M Infantry Rocket Flamethrower Man-Packable Thermobaric Weapon", "Shmel-M: Infantry Rocket-assisted Flamethrower of Enhanced Range and Lethality", "RMG A new Multi-Purpose Assault Weapon from Bazalt", "Kornet-EM: Multi-purpose Long-range Missile System", "How to Destroy the Australian Defence Force", "Serra no descarta que Espaa tenga bombas de aire-combustible", "Pilotos espaoles probation la Superbomba Aire-Combustible en un pas extranjero, p. 23 ABC.es", "WILL THERMOBARIC WEAPONS OVERWHELM THE MILITARY HEALTH SYSTEM? [1][2], On 19 May 2004, during Prime Minister's Questions, two members of the Fathers 4 Justice organisation threw condoms filled with purple-dyed flour at Tony Blair, in the chamber of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom. For an explosion of flour particulates suspended in air, see, Last edited on 19 February 2023, at 22:34, "2004: Angry dads hit Blair with purple flour", https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hkZir1L7fSY, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flour_bomb&oldid=1140393863, This page was last edited on 19 February 2023, at 22:34. Other terms used for the family of weapons are high-impulse thermobaric weapons, heat and pressure weapons, vacuum bombs, and fuel-air explosives. An SAS patrol is reported to have mistaken the cloud for a nuclear attack, and nearby Iraqis probably thought the same. [4] The fuel is often elemental. Updated: Feb 18, 2021 Just about any carbohydrate dust, including sugar, pudding mix and fine sawdust will explode once ignited. [38][39] The Russian armed forces have developed thermobaric ammunition variants for several of their weapons, such as the TBG-7V thermobaric grenade with a lethality radius of 10m (33ft), which can be launched from a rocket propelled grenade (RPG) RPG-7. sensitive explosives may be limited to use in smaller quantities. Thus, the countermeasure had some limited effect. Two fuels surfaced as constants: aluminum powder and powdered (icing) sugar. The weapon that the Ministry of Defence is developing would be carried and fired by a single soldier. The smaller the particle, the more reactive the dust. As of November2022[update], all past attempts to regulate or restrict thermobaric weapons have failed.[108][29]. The gas released from the decomposing fertilizer is what drives the explosion. Gas transmission pipelines operate at 1450 psi. Flour is flammable and can catch fire or even explode in some situations. Once the solid was filtered out, the remaining liquid could be driven off to isolate nearly pure AN. For many HMEs, more than one synthetic route is possible, involving different precursor chemicals. A Biotech Company Is On It. A New Zealand All Blacks player was felled by one of the flour bombs. The fuel-air explosive is one of the best-known types of thermobaric weapons. [69], In 2017 Ukroboronprom's Scientific Research Institute for Chemical Products in conjunction with Artem State Enterprise[uk] (aka Artem Holding Company) announced to the market its new product, the RGT-27S[uk]. "If you had a layer of (flour) on your kitchen counter and you put a benzine torch to it, you could get it to ignite but it wouldnt blow up," he said. Flour, a well-known product that people use widely in making bread, pizza and snacks, can sometimes turn into a hazardous and fatal "dust bomb". Many parameters contribute to the potential damage from a vapor cloud explosion, including the mass and type of material released, the strength of ignition source, the nature of the release event (e.g., turbulent jet release), and turbulence induced in the cloud (e.g., from ambient obstructions). According to one source, a BLU-82 was even used to mask a chemical weapons strike. [2] [86], During the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, CNN reported that Russian forces were moving thermobaric weapons into Ukraine. Piston-type afterburning[clarification needed] is also believed to occur in such structures, as flame-fronts accelerate through it.[24]. There is no audio (Images & GIFs included) Laughter is edited in from a different source. [18] Show this book's table of contents, where you can jump to any chapter by name. Ammonium nitrate is the fertilizer compound that can be used in explosives, said John Goodpaster, who researches explosives at Indiana at University-Purdue University Indianapolis. To group the short list by priority, the committee adopted three criteria: Under the first criterion, the committee focused on precursor chemicals that can result in VBIEDs and PBIEDs. Pit production explained - Los Alamos National Laboratory True, thermobaric weapons are different from normal explosives, but are they necessarily worse? When the liquid fuel ignites, it rapidly combusts, and even more gas is released. How explosive is benzene compared to TNT? - Chemistry Stack Exchange You need a very fine powder of flour to make an explosion happen. Combustible Dust in Industry: Preventing and Mitigating the Risks of Fire and Explosions. Deck boss Freddy Maugatai received his birthday bouy moments before he was nearly incinerated in a prank gone awry. Examples of LEL for common gases: LEL for Hydrogen: 4.0. Ratings were made in a conservative fashion when possible, with some chemicals that had been used by single groups, under very limiting circumstances, receiving a lower priority rating. Industrial explosion prevention measures include, where possible, providing nitrogen gas purging to ensure that the oxygen concentration is kept below that required for combustion. It's worth noting that anything, including your house, that uses natural gas can potentially become a bomb. ", 10.1002/1521-4087(200211)27:5<300::AID-PREP300>3.0.CO;2-#, High explosive disseminator for a high explosive air bomb, Compatibility Of Thermobaric Mixtures Based On Isopropyl Nitrate And Metal Powders, Fundamental and Applied Studies of Fuel-Air Detonation, Advanced Thermobaric Explosive Compositions, New Thermobaric Materials and Weapon Concepts, "Backgrounder on Russian Fuel Air Explosives ("Vacuum Bombs") | Human Rights Watch", "Main Types of Artillery Ammunition in 1914-1918", "What are thermobaric weapons? Terrorists, violent extremists, and criminals often choose IEDs because the ingredients, components, and instructions required to make IEDs are highly accessible. [45], Other examples include the semi-automatic command to line of sight (SACLOS) or millimeter-wave active radar homing guided thermobaric variants of the 9M123 Khrizantema, the 9M133F-1 thermobaric warhead variant of the 9M133 Kornet, and the 9M131F thermobaric warhead variant of the 9K115-2 Metis-M, all of which are anti-tank missiles. The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Reducing the Threat of Improvised Explosive Device Attacks by Restricting Access to Explosive Precursor Chemicals, PAST AND RECENT ATTACKS INVOLVING EXPLOSIVES, Case Study: The Evolving Tactics of a Terrorist Group, IDENTIFYING AND PRIORITIZING PRECURSOR CHEMICALS USED IN IED ATTACKS, Generating a Short List of Precursor Chemicals, Criteria for Generating Groups A, B, and C, Application of the Criteria to Precursor Chemicals. Its fireball will cover a 150m (490ft) radius and its lethal zone is a 500m (1,600ft) radius. They can cause damage to nearby buildings and equipment, as well as injure people in the area. The only real defence is a hermetically sealed bunker. Mix 60 g potassium nitrate with 40 g sugar in a saucepan over low heat. Because it comes from a wide area instead of a single point, the shockwave lasts longer. ago absolutely. Based on feedback from you, our users, we've made some improvements that make it easier than ever to read thousands of publications on our website. It contains a small amount of an explosive compound in it, and when it discharges, it creates what experts call a detonation wave. There is generally a direct correlation between particle size and explosive hazard. The Talibans development of explosives in Afghanistan in recent years and PIRAs development of countermeasures to overcome attempts to regulate precursor chemicals in the United Kingdom bear striking similarity. 2012", "A New Kind of Bomb Is Being Used in Syria and It's a Humanitarian Nightmare", "U.N. Panel Reports Increasing Brutality by Both Sides in Syria", "Eastern Ghouta home of 'Noor and Alaa' destroyed by Syrian bombs", "Thermobaric Bombs And Other Nightmare Weapons Of The Syrian Civil War", "The latest military situation of the Russia-Ukraine conflict: Ukraine is open, a grenade blows up a Russian infantry fighting vehicle", "Politics in the Next 50 Years: The Changing Nature of International Conflict", "Senate Judiciary Committee, Subcommittee on Technology, Terrorism, and Government Information hearing on "Foreign Terrorists in America: Five Years After the World Trade Center", "Shock-Dispersed-Fuel Charges-Combustion in Chambers and Tunnels", "Is the world facing Thermobaric Terrorism? The fertilizer and the fuel have to be combined in a just the right proportions, Goodpaster said, or else nothing will happen. All rights reserved. events were either high-profile terrorist attacks that garnered appreciable political or public attention, or struck high-profile U.S. targets outside active war zones; events had reliable forensic data with which to identify the charge. Thats not what were worried about," he said. A flour bomb is a fragile container (e.g. It is notable that the 60% AN product was actually more dilute than the CAN the terrorists were trying to pull AN out of. The energy of the detonation wave causes the ammonium nitrate in the fertilizer to vaporize the solid fertilizer becomes a gas in an instant. A bloated can (or jar) is bad. [11] The typical blast wave of a thermobaric weapon lasts significantly longer than that of a conventional explosive. gas bomb: [noun] a military explosive projectile filled with noxious gas that is usually liquefied under pressure and released when the projectile explodes called also#R##N# gas shell. Fritz Haber (German pronunciation: [fts hab] (); 9 December 1868 - 29 January 1934) was a German chemist who received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1918 for his invention of the Haber-Bosch process, a method used in industry to synthesize ammonia from nitrogen gas and hydrogen gas. Three basic requirements must be met for explosion to take place: flammable substance - fuel oxidizer - oxygen or air source of ignition - spark or high heat Similarly, there was a related expansion from fertilizer-based materials to a more diverse range of possible precursor chemicals. Flour bombs and flour bombing are a classic protest method, along with the throwing of eggs and overripe tomatoes. A new movement of volunteers will guide you through your brain melt. [14], A typical weapon consists of a container packed with a fuel substance, the center of which has a small conventional-explosive "scatter charge". A hundred small bombs give more deadly coverage than one big one, creating an intermeshing pattern of deadly metal shards over a wide area. ", "Ukraine's ambassador to US says Russia used a vacuum bomb, international groups say banned cluster munitions used to strike shelter", "The Ukraine crisis and the international law of armed conflict (LOAC): some Q & A", "Father of all bombs': Russia's brutal weapon", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thermobaric_weapon&oldid=1169999295, Articles with dead external links from April 2020, Short description is different from Wikidata, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2022, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2023, Articles with disputed statements from April 2023, Articles containing potentially dated statements from November 2022, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0, Demonstration of an open-air dust explosion, This page was last edited on 12 August 2023, at 16:42. [16][17], A thermobaric bomb's effective yield depends on a combination of a number of factors such as how well the fuel is dispersed, how rapidly it mixes with the surrounding atmosphere and the initiation of the igniter and its position relative to the container of fuel. I called up the Bill Stevenson of CV Technology, which bills itself as a dust explosion consulting company. Two methods were apparently opposed-chemical weapons and thermobaric weapons. There is an additional caveat for certain precursor chemicals insofar as they come in a diverse range of concentrations when contained in commercial products or bulk mixtures. The committee sorted the chemicals into three groups based on whether they met the conditions of the higher priority for one, two, or three criteria. 12. The PIRA bombing campaign began around 1971 and employed devices filled with readily available dynamite stolen from quarries and mines. Flour explosions can be quite large and destructive. It killed 17 people and pulverized the main building. In World War II, the German Wehrmacht attempted to develop a vacuum bomb,[29] under the direction of the Austrian physicist Mario Zippermayr. [20], In confinement, a series of reflective shock waves is generated,[21][22] which maintain the fireball and can extend its duration to between 10and50ms as exothermic recombination reactions occur. While some control strategies specify concentration thresholds (see Chapters 3 and 4), the lack of a scientific consensus on what those thresholds are precluded the committee from including concentration thresholds in the prioritized table (Table 2-2). [32] A second generation of FAE weapons were based on those, and were used by the United States in Iraq during Operation Desert Storm. Due to the lesser orders of magnitude in aviation IED and detonator charge masseslesser as compared to the VBIEDs and PBIEDs, described abovethe committee limited subsequent analysis to those VBIEDs and PBIEDs, both of which entail sufficient risk to merit consideration. [34] The AGM-114N Hellfire II,[35] uses a Metal Augmented Charge (MAC) warhead, which contains a thermobaric explosive fill that uses aluminum powder coated or mixed with PTFE layered between the charge casing and a PBXN-112 explosive mixture. These IEDs have charge sizes ranging from several tons to about a pound, as described previously. Flour and Gasoline Bomb [1] The dessert appeared on restaurant menus as early as 1882. These are not the only possible charges for each use-case. Significant overpressures can be generated by both detonations and deflagrations. Ready to take your reading offline? GameStop Moderna Pfizer Johnson & Johnson AstraZeneca Walgreens Best Buy Novavax SpaceX Tesla. Trocano (toknu) is a thermobaric weapon similar in design to the United States' MOAB weapon or Russia's FOAB. Of course, the size of an explosion will depend on many factors, including the amount of flour dust present and the strength of the ignition source. [30], FAEs were developed by the United States for use in the Vietnam War. Every year, hundreds of lives are lost in blasts which do not involve explosive substances. together, such as to make AN/FO. Coordinates: 420457N 1105719W The Cokeville Elementary School hostage crisis occurred on Friday, May 16, 1986 in Cokeville, Wyoming, United States, when former town marshal David Young, 43, and his wife Doris Young, 47, [1] took 154 hostages - 136 children and 18 adults - at Cokeville Elementary School. Group Type of Hazardous Material; Group A: Atmosphere containing acetylene. VBIEDs use charges ranging in mass from approximately 40 pounds to tens of thousands of pounds, depending on the carrying capacity of the vehicle.

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