Prophet Muhammad as a Politician and a Military Leader The leader of an insurgency must take great care to guard his authority from challenges, including those that come from within the movement itself. He always looked for a third option instead of focusing on 2 only. 1. The tribe eventually went northward toward Der'aa in modern-day Syria and assimilated themselves into the local Jewish population. Land occupied by Muslims is known as the dar al-Islam, while all other territory is known as the dar al-harb, ?the land of war.? The first story (1 Samuel 13) describes Samuels action as motivated by Sauls assumption of the prerogatives of the priesthood. The brilliance of Muhammads generals and the superior fighting skills of his new army made it possible for Islam to defeat the apostates and force them back into the religious fold. History is a guide to navigation in perilous times. Click the answer to find similar crossword clues . It was from the original small cadre of guerrillas that the larger conventional army could be grown that would ultimately permit the insurgency to engage its enemies in set-piece battles when the time and political conditions were right. As a Military Leader, Deborah is a Rare Biblical Character He reportedly spent hours devising tactical and political stratagems, and once remarked that all war is cunning, reminding modern analysts of Sun Tzus dictum, all war is deception. In his thinking and application of force Muhammad was a combination of Karl von Clausewitz and Niccolo Machiavelli, for he always employed force in the service of political goals. Deborah was a well-respected woman of her community. References in various texts suggest that Muhammad trained these units in rank and drill, sometimes personally formed them up and addressed them before a battle, and deployed them to fight in disciplined units, not as individuals as was the common practice. Whether they produced battlefield images of the dead or daguerreotype portraits of common soldiers, []. After capturing six of the eight Jewish forts in Medina, the Jews of Khaybar finally surrendered and were allowed to live in the oasis on the condition that they would give one-half of their produce to the Muslims. Muhammad understood that the conflict was between the existing social order with its manifest injustices and his vision of the future, and he surpassed his adversaries in spreading his vision to win the struggle for the hearts and minds of the Arab population. Modern scholars discern four kinds of messianology in the years between 170 BCE and 140 CE. Overall a good analysis of military acumen of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him). By supplying these converts with expensive military equipment, Muhammad immediately raised their status within the clan and guaranteed their loyalty to him, if not always to the creed of Islam. Corrections? The two major divergences in the First Book of Samuel lie in those passages that critics call the pro-monarchic source (1 Samuel 9:110:16) and those passages called the anti-monarchic source (1 Samuel 8 and 10:1727). Information about Samuel is contained in the First Book of Samuel (called in the Roman Catholic canon the First Book of Kings). Arab warfare prior to Muhammads reforms involved clans and tribes fighting for honor or loot. Muhammad understood the role of propaganda and went to great lengths to make his message public and widely known. Be Humble, Wins the hearts of your enemies and make them friends.3. It didn't take an intelligent Jew to realize that this guy might be a prophet, but he certainly was no Messiah. Uniformed Women -X. We have little information on how Muhammad trained his soldiers, but it is almost certain he did so. They often failed to report to the battlefield, arrived late, or simply left the fight once they had captured sufficient loot. We have no knowledge of exactly how the intelligence service was organized or where it was located. Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) as a Political Leader Muhammads inner circle advised him and saw to it that his directives were carried out. These advisers held key positions during the Prophets lifetime and fought among themselves for power after his death. In 630 he led an army of twenty to thirty thousand men (sources disagree on the exact numbers) on a 250-mile march across the desert from Medina to Tabuk lasting eighteen to twenty days during the hottest season of the year. Muhammad proclaimed prophethood around 610 and later migrated to Medina after being persecuted by the Quraysh in 622. Richard A. Gabriel, a military historian and adjunct professor at the Royal Military College of Canada, has authored forty-one books. Muhammads teachings changed the traditional Arab view of military sacrifice and produced a far more dedicated soldier than Arab armies had ever witnessed before. Be selfless.4. Conservative Sunnis, such as the Wahhabis of Arabia, and modern militant jihadis in Iraq and Pakistan still adhere to the traditional doctrine. Muhammad was the first to introduce to the Arabs the notion of war for strategic goals. He was also Islam's first religious poet, using many phrases from the Qur'an in his verses during the battle with kuffar. Had Muhammad not introduced this new way of thinking to Arab warfare, the use of later Arab armies to forge a world empire would not only have been impossible, it would have been unthinkable. Subscribe to receive our weekly newsletter with top stories from master historians. This story is related to the account of Samuel as judge in chapters 7 and 12, and he is clearly presented as the last of the judges; it is indicated that the system of the judges was rejected by the Israelites not because of its failure but because of their worldliness. But no army before Muhammads ever placed religion at the center of military motivation and defined the soldier primarily as an instrument of Gods will on earth. The West has been accustomed to thinking of the Arab conquests that followed Muhammad in purely conventional military terms. Strive again even if you fail a hundred times, keep moving.8. Arab cavalry, on the other hand, was unreliable in a battle against infantry, often breaking off the fight to keep their precious mounts from being hurt or make off with whatever booty they had seized. In Muhammads case the result has been to deemphasize the military aspects of his life and his considerable military accomplishments as Islams first great general and the inventor of the theory and practice of insurgency. [5] As tensions escalated the Muslims began to take defensive measures such as stationing guards around Muhammad and sending out reconnaissance patrols.[4]. Bedouin cavalry was, however, proficient at reconnaissance, surprise attack, protecting the flanks, and pursuing ill-disciplined infantry. While the authority of these clan chiefs was recognized by their own clan, every chief considered himself the equal of any other, so there was no overall commander whose authority could compel the obedience or tactical direction of the army as a whole. Religion turned out to be a greater source of unit cohesion than blood and clan ties, the obligations of faith replacing and overriding those of tradition and even family. The Jewish Messiah was to be a great military leader who would lead the Jews out of political bondage from the Romans. In the final years of his life, Muhammad sent several armies against the Byzantine Empire and the Ghassanids in northern Arabia and the Levant, before conquering Mecca in 630 and leading a campaign against some Arab pagan tribes close to Mecca, most notably in Ta'if. They were devoted to Muhammad and served not only as his life guard but also as a secret police that could be called upon at a moments notice to carry out whatever task Muhammad set for them, including assassination and terror. led the muslims against the tribes of Arabia. An insurgency must be able to sustain the popular base that supports the fighting elements. Samuel, Hebrew Shmuel, (flourished 11th century bce, Israel), religious hero in the history of Israel, represented in the Hebrew Bible (Old Testament) in every role of leadership open to a Jewish man of his dayseer, priest, judge, prophet, and military leader. In the waging of jihad, all adult males, except for slaves and monks, are considered legitimate military targets and no distinction is made between military and civilians. His soldiers cared for each other as brothers, which under the precepts of Islam they were, and quickly gained a reputation for their discipline and ferocity in battle. Muhammad himself seems to have possessed a detailed knowledge of clan loyalties and politics within the insurgencys area of operations and used this knowledge to good effect when negotiating alliances with the bedouins. To compensate for this deficiency, he surrounded himself with experienced warriors and constantly sought their advice. When operating with clans whose members were not Muslims, Muhammad always extracted an honor oath from their chiefs to obey his orders during the battle. Dont Live in the past.7. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. The inventor of insurgency warfare and historys first successful practitioner, Muhammad had no military training before he commanded an army in the field. Javed Ahmed Ghamidi writes in Mizan that there are certain directives of the Quran pertaining to war which were specific only to Muhammad against divinely-specified peoples of his times (the polytheists and the Israelites and Nazarites of Arabia and some other Jews, Christians, et al.) The Outstanding Military Command of Prophet Muammad PBUH and Role of Once war was harnessed to strategic objectives, it became possible to expand its application to introduce tactical dimensions that were completely new to Arab warfare. Muhammad attacked tribes, towns, and garrisons before they could form hostile coalitions; he isolated his enemies by severing their economic lifelines and disrupting their lines of communication; he was a master at political negotiation, forming alliances with pagan tribes when it served his interests; and he laid siege to cities and towns. Many of Muhammads early converts had left their families and clans to follow the Prophet. Deborah in the Bible - Biblical Archaeology Society These dry . Recruited from among the most pious, enthusiastic, and fanatical followers, they came from impoverished backgrounds. 2. Jesus: Military Messiah of the Old Testament Muhammads use of cavalry and archers in concert with his infantry was one result. Indeed, he was also a political leader. A Nephite prophet, military general, and record keeper in the Book of Mormon. Biography And Character Profile Of Joshua From The Bible Muhammads revolutionary cadre consisted of the small group of original converts he attracted in Mecca and took with him to Medina. The suffah members spent much of their time studying Islam. Muhammads ability to obtain sufficient weapons and equipment had an important political advantage. He is traditionally thought to have played a pivotal role in ancient Israel 's transition from the judges to the monarchy. 1 Clearly one of the Bible's most outstanding figures, she served ancient Israel as a prophet, 2 judge, military leader, songwriter, and minstrel (Judges 4-5). Muhammad used the new religious creed of Islam to challenge basic traditional Arab social institutions and values as oppressive and unholy and worthy of replacement. Italian orientalist Laura Veccia Vaglieri claims other motives pushed Muhammad to invade the forts of Khaybar. It is among these militant conservative Muslims that the military legacy of Muhammad is most alive today. In most cases his intelligence service provided him with sufficient information as to the enemys location and intentions in advance of any military engagement. Truth frees you and lies traps you.10. Christ was a spiritual leader from a poor family, preaching peace. Badr: The Tribe of Makkah - an active enemy of the mission of the prophet (Peace Be upon Him) and the state of Madinah - prevented Muslims from traveling into Mak'kah or to Madinah (via Mak'kah). He then faded into the background, appearing at the sanctuary of Naioth (chapter 19). World is not fair, Be strong and steady in navigating it.9. Expansionist jihad is thus a collective duty of all Muslims. Author of. Muhammad's name inscribed on the gates of the. 17 Leadership Qualities of Deborah in the Bible (2023) | Leader The old chivalric code that limited bloodletting was abandoned and replaced with an ethos less conducive to restraint, the blood feud. Gideon - Wikipedia Josephus aids us, in crucial ways, in our quest for the assembly of Jesus' earliest followers in Jerusalem. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Muhammad understood that conversions and political alliances with the bedouins, not military engagements with the Meccans, were the keys to success. Yet he was a truly great general. One of Muhammads most important innovations was convincing his troops that they were doing Gods work on earth. He appears at first as being hostile to the monarchy and then as being favourable to it. Prophet Muhammad As A Role Model For Military Strategist CSS Jan. 25, 2008, at 3:53 p.m. |. Wounded twice, he also twice experienced having his positions overrun by superior forces before he managed to turn the tables on his enemies and rally his men to victory. After being besieged for 1415 days, the tribe eventually surrendered to Muhammad, who initially wanted to capture the men of Banu Qaynuqa', but ultimately yielded to Abdullah ibn 'Ubayy and agreed to expel the Qaynuqa'. Bound by clan loyalties and living in settlements, Arab infantry was steadfast and cohesive and could usually be relied upon to hold its ground, especially in the defense. HistoryNet.com contains daily features, photo galleries and over 25,000 articles originally published in our nine magazines. On the other side, the Banu Ghatafan were afraid that the Muslims would attack them at any time, so they refused to help the Jews at Khaybar. "When the Holy Prophet and his Companions came to Madina, and the helpers gave them shelter, all the Arabs combined to fight them. Thanks, I pray we can all study his life more in depth. It was the first truly national military force in Arab history, and it was this conventional military instrument that Muhammads successors used to forge a great empire. It was leadership of this national entity that Muhammad claimed, not of any clan or tribe. Military career of Muhammad - Wikipedia At the Battle of Badr, the first major engagement with an enemy army, the dead were stripped of their swords and other military equipment, setting a precedent that became common. Our Moses then is a prophet, a legislator, skilled in military tactics and strategy, a politician, a philosopher. These two different types of combatants possessed only limited experience in fighting alongside one another. The Prophet Muhammad's Life As A Military Leader Change), You are commenting using your Facebook account. He knew Islam will prevail in those cases. To achieve his revolutionary goals Muhammad utilized all the means recognized by modern analysts as characteristic of a successful insurgency in todays world. In May 625, Muhammad laid siege to the Banu Nadir, after he came to know that they were plotting to assassinate him. On another occasion, again against a Jewish tribe of Medina, he ordered all the tribes adult males, some nine hundred, beheaded in the city square, the women and children sold into slavery, and their property distributed among his Muslim followers. Fight for your Rights and once done fight for others.5. Extending that ethos beyond the ties of kin and blood to include members of the new community of Muslim believers inevitably made Arab warfare more encompassing and bloody than it had ever been. The most comprehensive and authoritative history site on the Internet. The number of all casualties on all sides, in all the battles of Muhammad, is approximately 1,000. The Prophet as a Military Leader & His 10 Principles for Success - Mohammed Abbasi The Prophet as a Military Leader & His 10 Principles for Success The Prophet Muhammad was a great general and strategist as well as the leader of a new religious movement who in a single decade fought many battles, led raids, and planned military operations. I p. 501. He also appointed all the other commanders, who operated under his authority. The tribe eventually surrendered and was expelled, moving northward toward Khaybar, another Jewish fort city around 150km (95mi) north of Medina and was captured again during the Battle of Khaybar. The Banu Qurayza surrendered and all the men and one woman were beheaded, apart from a few who converted to Islam, while all the other women and children were enslaved. 'Sword of God'). It is, as Clausewitz reminds us, always a method, never a goal. Hassan ibn Thabit (Arabic: , romanized: assn ibn Thbit; c. 563-674) was an Arabian Islamic poet, a prominent companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and was known for his poems in defense of the latter. The prophet (Peace Be upon Him) countered their moves by threatening an economic blockade. Muhammad As a Military Leader His greatest distinction was his role in the establishment of the monarchy in Israel. This tradition has two questionable features: Samuel is the only judge who is a permanent magistrate as well as a military leader, and his conclusive victory over the Philistines in chapter 7 cannot be historical, since it is contradicted by the subsequent military exploits of Saul and David. He also sent missionaries to other clans and tribes to instruct the pagans in the new faith, sometimes teaching those groups to read and write in the process. Alongside his campaign against the Quraysh, Muhammad led campaigns against several other tribes of Arabia, most notably the three Arabian Jewish tribes of Medina and the Jewish fortress at Khaybar. He was no military leader; he was involved in peace. Classical Islamic law is less tolerant of non-Muslims. Josephus and Jesus: The Early Christian Movement. A Muslim man who witnessed this, killed the Jewish man responsible for it in retaliation. The king is chosen not by divine election but by lot, implying that no special qualities were required, and the bashful candidate has to be summoned from a hiding place. According to classical Sunni doctrine, jihad can refer generically to any worthy endeavor, but in Islamic law it means primarily armed struggle for Islam against infidels and apostates. The institution of the monarchy and the election of the king occur according to the will of Yahweh as revealed to Samuel. Professor of Theology, DePaul University, Chicago, 197078. In fact, he frequently appointed the best warriors of his former enemies to positions of command once they converted to Islam. He was the first to institutionalize military excellence in the development of a professional Arab officer corps. As he spent time with Moses, his faith grew to such that he was undeterred by what most people considered to be insurmountable challenges. Samuel thus appears as a leader in all Israel; his leadership is exercised in war and law, but his authority is basically religious, mostly prophetic, although with some features of priestly authority. In the battle of Badr, Uhud and Khandaq, Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) positioned mujahideen on the basis of their skills and importance of . Mormon lived about A.D. 311-385 ( Morm. She made incredibly difficult decisions under difficult circumstances, daily. Trust in Allah but work as if no one will help you.These were just few lessons from the Life of Prophet MuhammadHope you find it useful and feel free to comment and suggest ideas/books/seminars which you think I can learn from and or share with others.

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