Changes in social interactions, such as increased tensions or violent conflict, influence the socially constructed nature of ethnicity. Living While Black on Campus: A Roadmap for Student Activism, Department of Justice, Civil Rights Division, Educational Opportunities Section. Social scientists have thus focused on how, when, and why different markers of ethnic identity become salient. Similarly, if a group experiences economic, political, and cultural discrimination, group cohesion tends to increase. Additional examples of minority groups might include the LGBTQ community, religious practitioners whose faith is not widely practiced where they live, and people with disabilities. For example, the U.S. Census only recently added additional categories for people to identify themselves, such as non-White Hispanic. This section compares all 86 of those to each other, the Phoenix Area, and other entities that contain or substantially overlap with the Phoenix Area. They argue in Racial Formation in the United States that the ethnicity theory was exclusively based on the immigration patterns of the white population and did take into account the unique experiences of non-whites in the United States. It is, nevertheless, the process of labor mobilization under capitalism that imparts to these distinctions their effective values. Expert Answer 100% (1 rating) Gender Ethnicity is based on the race religion and langua View the full answer Transcribed image text: QUESTION 5 Ethnicity is based on all of the following, except O race. [32] This may be why descent is sometimes a marker of ethnicity, and sometimes not: which diacritic of ethnicity is salient depends on whether people are scaling ethnic boundaries up or down, and whether they are scaling them up or down depends generally on the political situation. In 1982, anthropologist David Craig Griffith summed up forty years of ethnographic research, arguing that racial and ethnic categories are symbolic markers for different ways people from different parts of the world have been incorporated into a global economy: The opposing interests that divide the working classes are further reinforced through appeals to "racial" and "ethnic" distinctions. The largest pan-ethnic group in the United States is White Americans. Ethnic groups are abundant throughout Asia, with adaptations to the climate zones of Asia, which can be the Arctic, subarctic, temperate, subtropical or tropical. In this chapter we focus on racial and ethnic minorities. (Credit: familymwr/flickr), https://openstax.org/books/introduction-sociology-3e/pages/1-introduction, https://openstax.org/books/introduction-sociology-3e/pages/11-1-racial-ethnic-and-minority-groups, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, Understand the difference between race and ethnicity, Define a minority group (subordinate group), Caucasian or White race: people of European, Middle Eastern, and North African origin, Ethiopian or Black race: people of sub-Saharan Africans origin (sometimes spelled Aethiopian), Malayan or Brown race: people of Southeast Asian origin and Pacific Islanders, Mongolian or Yellow race: people of all East Asian and some Central Asian origin, American or Red race: people of North American origin or American Indians. In South America, although highly varying between regions, people are commonly mixed-race, indigenous, European, black African, and to a lesser extent also Asian. The process may result in monetary damages for you as well as the opportunity to be considered for the job at issue, and it could require the employer to change its policies going forward. Violent conflict is caused mainly by social and political systems that lead to inequality and grievances and do not offer options for the peaceful expression of differences. He wanted to part with anthropological notions of cultures as bounded entities, and ethnicity as primordialist bonds, replacing it with a focus on the interface between groups. National origin discrimination involves treating people (applicants or employees) unfavorably because they are from a particular country or part of the world, because of ethnicity or accent, or because they appear to be of a certain ethnic background (even if they are not). The Constitution also prevents the government from subjecting you to worse treatment because of your race, ethnicity, or national origin in any situation. Even if an ethnic identity lies dormant for some time, it can be revived. Prior to the twentieth century, racial intermarriage (referred to as miscegenation) was extremely rare, and in many places, illegal. Targeting of students of a particular race, ethnicity, or national origin for searches or arrest. By way of language shift, acculturation, adoption, and religious conversion, individuals or groups may over time shift from one ethnic group to another. [86] States with smaller European populations include Guam, Hawaii and New Caledonia (whose Europeans are known as Caldoche). 11.1 Racial, Ethnic, and Minority Groups - OpenStax This research and other confirming studies indicate that any generally lower IQ among a racial group was more about nurture than nature, to put it into the terms of the Socialization chapter. then you must include on every digital page view the following attribution: Use the information below to generate a citation. Other criteria include "religion, language, 'customs', nationality, and political identification". Members of excluded groups, consequently, will either demand inclusion based on equality or seek autonomy, sometimes even to the extent of complete political separation in their nation-state. Ethnic conflict is thus similar to other political interest conflicts. Race and Ethnicity in the Phoenix Area, Arizona The term may also be used with the connotation of something unique and unusually exotic (cf. Ethnic subcultures refer to a segment or group of consumers who have different income levels or living standards but have similar values or beliefs due to their ethnicity. The concept of " diversity " we use refers to the representation and relative size of different racial and ethnic groups within a population and is maximized when all groups are represented in an area and have equal shares of the population. Ethnicity - Wikipedia Nation-states, however, invariably include populations who have been excluded from national life for one reason or another. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. A growing number of people chose multiple races to describe themselves on the 2020 Census, indicating that individuals have multiple identities. 1999-2023, Rice University. Adding to the complexity: Sometimes, either to build bridges between ethnic groups, promote civil rights, gain recognition, or other reasons, diverse but closely associated ethnic groups may develop a "pan-ethnic" group. [95] Archeological findings from the 1990s suggested there was possible prehistoric human activity by Micronesians prior to European discovery in the 16th century. The terms ethnic and ethnicity have their roots in the Greek word ethnos, which describes a community of common descent. Thus, the conflicts are often misleadingly labeled and characterized as civil wars when they are inter-ethnic conflicts in a multi-ethnic state. Ethnic identities are adaptable to and activated by unexpected threats and new opportunities. Harassment or profiling based on race, ethnicity, or national origin by faculty, fellow students, or school staff. Although communal identity provides the foundation for the definition of ethnic groups, disagreement exists over how ethnic identity forms and how it changes over time. If the group takes steps to confront the threats, its ethnicity becomes politicized, and the group becomes a political actor by virtue of its shared identity. Non-White Population by Neighborhood#19. Race and ethnicity in the United States - Wikipedia Thus, anthropologist Joan Vincent observed that ethnic boundaries often have a mercurial character. These measures are used to compare 2010 Census and 2020 Census results. In 2021, the number of Americans who identified as non-Hispanic and more than one race was 13.5 million. Europe has a large number of ethnic groups; Pan and Pfeil (2004) count 87 distinct "peoples of Europe", of which 33 form the majority population in at least one sovereign state, while the remaining 54 constitute ethnic minorities within every state they inhabit (although they may form local regional majorities within a sub-national entity). [citation needed], African slaves were brought to North America from the 16th to 19th centuries during the Atlantic slave trade. Gather all the documents that might support your claim emails, text messages, application forms, for example and locate the people who witnessed the discriminatory conduct. Those goals are mostly of a political nature and include, among others, demands for self-governance, autonomy, access to resources and power, respect for the groups identity and culture, and minority rights. [99] There were brief attempts to settle Clipperton with Mexicans and Jarvis with Native Hawaiians in the early 20th century. Note that being a numerical minority is not a characteristic of being a minority group; sometimes larger groups can be considered minority groups due to their lack of power. In effect there are no "ethnics"; there are only "ethnic relations". Jun 27, 2023 OpenStax. Camoroff, John L. and Jean Camoroff 2009: Ethnicity Inc. Chicago: Chicago Press. PDF Jean Phinney's Ethnic Identity Theory - WPMU DEV For example, ethnic groups such as Irish, Italian American, Russian, Jewish, and Serbian might all be groups whose members are predominantly included in the White racial category. Many states have enacted laws to disenfranchise immigrants; these laws are popular because they let the dominant group scapegoat a subordinate group. People who identify as hispanic are most likely to be living in the west places. You may also consider filing a lawsuit in state or federal court. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Department of Education, Office of Civil Rights. Fact Notes (a) Includes persons reporting only one race (c) Economic Census - Puerto Rico data are not comparable to U.S. Economic Census data (b) Hispanics may be of any race, so also are included in applicable race categories Value Flags-Either no or too few sample observations were available to compute an estimate, or a ratio of medians cannot be calculated because one or both of the median . In the 19th century, modern states generally sought legitimacy through their claim to represent "nations". FAM 357 Exam 3 Flashcards | Quizlet This was contrary to the prevailing naturalist belief of the time, which held that socio-cultural and behavioral differences between peoples stemmed from inherited traits and tendencies derived from common descent, then called "race". Some groups/countries of Asia are completely urban, such as those in Hong Kong, Shanghai, and Singapore. United Nations Office on Genocide Prevention and the Responsibility to For example, someone who identifies as Asian American while at home in Houston may not refer to themselves as such when they visit extended family in Japan. (3 fully and 15 partially). Researchers have since provided substantial evidence that refutes a biological-racial basis for intelligence, including the widespread closing of IQ gaps as Black people gained more access to education (Dickens 2006). Hispanic and Latino Americans (Mexican Americans in particular) and Asian Americans have immigrated to the United States recently. Achieving this requires ongoing societal efforts to: Address historical and contemporary injustices; Overcome economic, social, and other obstacles to health and health care; and Advocates of another school of thought, known as social constructivism, focus on the social nature of ethnic identity. It is based on the notion of "culture". "[36], Different approaches to understanding ethnicity have been used by different social scientists when trying to understand the nature of ethnicity as a factor in human life and society. He also described that in the first decades of usage, the term ethnicity had often been used in lieu of older terms such as "cultural" or "tribal" when referring to smaller groups with shared cultural systems and shared heritage, but that "ethnicity" had the added value of being able to describe the commonalities between systems of group identity in both tribal and modern societies. The first evident ethnic group to live in Australia were the Australian Aboriginals, a group considered related to the Melanesian Torres Strait Islander people. Likewise, it is illegal for an employer to refuse to hire a person of color because of that persons race, ethnicity, or national origin. Morales-Daz, Enrique; Gabriel Aquino; & Michael Sletcher, "Ethnicity", in Michael Sletcher, ed.. Steele, Liza G.; Bostic, Amie; Lynch, Scott M.; Abdelaaty, Lamis (2022). According to primordialists, ethnicity is embedded in inherited biological attributes, a long history of practicing cultural differences, or both. Mobilization of ethnic identity and ethnic nationalism is a powerful tool to engage the group in a political struggle. As a result, the group considers perceived and real threats to its tangible characteristics as risks to its identity. Race, Diversity, and Ethnicity in Phoenix, AZ - BestNeighborhood.org Barth's view is that ethnic groups are not discontinuous cultural isolates or logical a priori to which people naturally belong. ), said: National, religious, geographic, linguistic and cultural groups do not necessarily coincide with racial groups: and the cultural traits of such groups have no demonstrated genetic connection with racial traits. and you must attribute OpenStax. It is now common for the children of racially mixed parents to acknowledge and celebrate their various ethnic identities. genocide, the deliberate and systematic destruction of a group of people because of their ethnicity, nationality, religion, or race. Under Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, discrimination based on race, color, or national origin in programs or . What race is this person? Golfer Tiger Woods, for instance, has Chinese, Thai, African American, Native American, and Dutch heritage; he jokingly refers to his ethnicity as Cablinasian, a term he coined to combine several of his ethnic backgrounds. The largest group is the Tatars, 3.8 percent. Previous question Next question Not the exact question you're looking for? T There are no biologically pure races. Additionally, depending on the reasons why this particular policy was adopted, the facts could show that the policy was driven by a desire to exclude people of color with criminal records, in which case the policy would constitute illegal intentional racial discrimination as well. Tonkin, M. McDonald and M. Chapman. Figure out which government agency can take your complaint. a social construct) because they were based on a subjective belief in shared Gemeinschaft (community). Ethnic group that live in the Caribbean are Indigenous peoples, Africans, Indians, white Europeans, the Chinese and the Portuguese. Ethnic conflict engages central elements of each groups identity and invokes fears and suspicion about real and potential opponents. The 19th century saw the development of the political ideology of ethnic nationalism, when the concept of race was tied to nationalism, first by German theorists including Johann Gottfried von Herder. You can show that youve been subject to intentional discrimination by pointing to people of a different race who received better treatment, or by pointing to actions by the teacher or fellow student that just dont make sense in the absence of discrimination. The 2016 Census shows England and New Zealand are the next most common countries of birth after Australia, the proportion of people born in China and India has increased since 2011 (from 6.0 per cent to 8.3 per cent, and 5.6 per cent to 7.4 per cent, respectively). This includes schools and colleges that receive funding from the U.S. Department of Education. Please select which sections you would like to print: Associate Professor of Government and Director, Reiff Center for Human Rights and Conflict Resolution, Christopher Newport University. Multiple Choice Questions - Oxford University Press Measuring Racial and Ethnic Diversity for the 2020 Census . Many of the smaller groups are found in the Asian part of Russia (see Indigenous peoples of Siberia). Take note of any action that your current landlord or employer takes against you after learning of your complaint or lawsuit. [59] It was assumed that if a Black or Latino community was not "making it" by the standards that had been set by whites, it was because that community did not hold the right values or beliefs, or were stubbornly resisting dominant norms because they did not want to fit in. A negative bias against an entire group. [78][79] There are some 26 ethnic groups in the province,[80] and six languages are in official use by the provincial administration. Race is a categorization of humans based on shared physical or social qualities into groups generally viewed as distinct within a given society. [83] Over the course of the 2010s decade, there was a 127% increase in non-Hispanic Americans who identified as multiracial. ethnic conflict, a form of conflict in which the objectives of at least one party are defined in ethnic terms, and the conflict, its antecedents, and possible solutions are perceived along ethnic lines. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Examples for the first case are found throughout Africa, where countries created during decolonization inherited arbitrary colonial borders, but also in European countries such as Belgium or United Kingdom. And as with race, individuals may be identified or self-identify with ethnicities in complex, even contradictory, ways. The conflict is usually not about ethnic differences themselves but over political, economic, social, cultural, or territorial matters. The Latinos and Hispanics made up about 29% of the residents in the . Race, Ethnicity, or National Origin-Based Discrimination But people from a nation can be of a wide range of ethnicities, often unknown to people outside of the region, which leads to misconceptions. While many of the historical considerations of race have been corrected in favor of more accurate and sensitive descriptions, some of the older terms remain. Multi-ethnic states can be the result of two opposite events, either the recent creation of state borders at variance with traditional tribal territories, or the recent immigration of ethnic minorities into a former nation-state. Sometimes ethnic groups are subject to prejudicial attitudes and actions by the state or its constituents. [90][91][92] Contemporary residents are mainly mestizos and Europeans from the Latin American countries whom administer them,[93] although none of these islands have extensive populations. According to this view, states must recognize ethnic identity and develop processes through which the particular needs of ethnic groups can be accommodated within the boundaries of the nation-state. [35] Jhanna Birnir similarly defines ethnicity as "group self-identification around a characteristic that is very difficult or even impossible to change, such as language, race, or location. Some groups are primarily hunter-gatherers, some practice transhumance (nomadic lifestyle), others have been agrarian/rural for millennia and others becoming industrial/urban. [94] Easter Island are the only oceanic island politically associated with Latin America to have an indigenous population, the Polynesian Rapa Nui people. Thus, it is clear that ethnicity is not based on gender as gender merely classifies people if they are male or female based on the standards set by society. Many kinds of convictions, including old convictions, will have nothing to do with an applicants ability to do the job. Cohen also suggested that claims concerning "ethnic" identity (like earlier claims concerning "tribal" identity) are often colonialist practices and effects of the relations between colonized peoples and nation-states.[32]. If this happens, you can make a separate complaint with the appropriate agency for retaliation or amend your lawsuit to include a retaliation claim. State civil/human rights agencies as well as state Departments of Education have additional information and may be able to take complaints of discrimination. Her contributions to SAGE Publications's. Textbook content produced by OpenStax is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License . National origin (itself sometimes confused with nationality) has to do with the geographic and political associations with a person's birthplace or residence. Oceanic South Pacific islands nearing Latin America were uninhabited when discovered by Europeans in the 16th century, with nothing to indicate prehistoric human activity by Indigenous peoples of the Americas or Oceania. Chapter 12 Flashcards | Quizlet Ethnicity is what makes a specific group of people unique and this includes their race, language, and religion. Assimilation shedding the particular qualities of a native culture for the purpose of blending in with a host culture did not work for some groups as a response to racism and discrimination, though it did for others. U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Phoenix city, Arizona This section compares all 18 of those to each other, Phoenix, and other entities that contain or substantially overlap with Phoenix. The concept of " diversity " refers to the representation and relative size of different racial and ethnic groups within a population, where diversity is maximized when all groups are represented in an area and have equal shares of the population. On the other side, ethnicity is just as much based on intangible factorsnamely, on what people believe, or are made to believe, to create a sense of solidarity among members of a particular ethnic group and to exclude those who are not members. Finally, the identities of nonimmigrant groups tend to be more pronounced than the identities of immigrant ethnic groups. Government agencies will ask you to file a description of your complaint with any supporting documents and conduct an investigation at no cost to you. Overview of J.M. Scapegoat theory, developed initially from Dollards (1939) Frustration-Aggression theory, suggests that the dominant group will displace its unfocused aggression onto a subordinate group. Ethnic groups in Africa number in the hundreds, each generally having its own language (or dialect of a language) and culture. Ethnicity is based on all of the following EXCEPT what? Ethnicity cannot be politicized unless an underlying core of memories, experience, or meaning moves people to collective action. [89] The Austronesians of Oceania are further broken up into three distinct groups; Melanesians, Micronesians and Polynesians. Sociologists define the term race as a category of people who share inherited physical characteristics. Instances of societies focusing on ethnic ties, arguably to the exclusion of history or historical context, have resulted in the justification of nationalist goals. Instrumentalism is criticized by those who argue that ethnicity, in contrast to political affiliations, cannot be willfully decided on by individuals and is instead rooted in and regulated by the society as a whole. Herodotus (8.144.2) gave a famous account of what defined Greek (Hellenic) ethnic identity in his day, enumerating, Whether ethnicity qualifies as a cultural universal is to some extent dependent on the exact definition used. You can show that youve been subject to intentional discrimination by pointing to people of a different race, ethnicity, or national origin who received better treatment, or by pointing to actions by the employer, company, or prospective employer that just dont make sense in the absence of discrimination. Each promoted the pan-ethnic idea that these governments were acquiring only lands that had always been inhabited by ethnic Germans. Individuals with multiple ethnic backgrounds are becoming more common. In the 19th century, the term came to be used in the sense of "peculiar to a tribe, race, people or nation", in a return to the original Greek meaning. Japanese Americans. And the term "minority groups" describe groups that are subordinate, or that lack power in society regardless of skin color or country of origin. Nearly all states in Oceania have majority indigenous populations, with notable exceptions being Australia, New Zealand and Norfolk Island, who have majority European populations. Most Native Americans died due to Spanish diseases and other European diseases such as smallpox during the European colonization of the Americas. Earlier 20th-century "Primordialists" viewed ethnic groups as real phenomena whose distinct characteristics have endured since the distant past. Violent ethnic conflict leads to tremendous human suffering. Multicultural supervision It is the cause of differences between humans based on their national &/or cultural heritage The four original race groups among humans are: This theory was preceded by more than 100 years during which biological essentialism was the dominant paradigm on race. There was no concept of multiple racial identities with the possible exception of the Creole. Submit a complaint to the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. [95] The British overseas territory of Pitcairn Islands, to the west of Easter Island, have a population of approximately 50 people. Blumenbach divided humans into five races (MacCord 2014): Over time, descriptions of race like Blumenbach's have fallen into disuse, and the social construction of race is a more accepted way of understanding racial categories.

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