Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 90, 47-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2018.04.011. Early intervention for adolescent substance abuse: Pretreatment to posttreatment outcomes of a randomized control trial comparing multidimensional family therapy and peer group treatment. Family-based prevention counseling for high-risk young adolescents: Immediate outcomes. Multi-dimensional Family Therapy (MDFT) is a family-based treatment that makes use of individual therapy and multiple-systems approaches to treat adolescent substance use and other problematic behaviors. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. (2009). Dakof GA, Quille TJ, Tejeda MJ, et al. Multiple revisions, pilot testing, and a rigorous evaluation attest to the impact of the family-based HIV prevention module. Careers. MST is an internationally-known program that helps fragile families cope with out-of-control teenagers. Chan YF, Dennis ML, Funk RR. Multidimensional Family Therapy (MDFT) is an intensive, in-home model that is a family-centered, comprehensive treatment program for children and adolescents with substance use, are at risk of substance use, and have related behavioral and emotional problems. Clinical effectiveness of MDFT has been demonstrated in 5 completed randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs) and with promising interim findings from the same number of ongoing RCTs as well [33, 34, 35, 36, 37]. Henderson CE, Dakof GA, Greenbaum P, et al. MDFT provides an evidence-based approach to the treatment of adolescents who have behavioral and substance use disorders. government site. MDFT is an integrative outpatient treatment that has blended family therapy, individual therapy, drug counseling, and multiple-systems oriented intervention approaches [45]. Method The effectiveness of MDFT in reduci. Only publications with eligible contrasts that met design and execution standards are included in the individual study findings table. The psychiatrist is integrated as an important member of the therapeutic team, and MDFT therapists may arrange conjoint phone calls and/or face-to-face visits with the family to monitor symptoms, compliance issues, and the effectiveness of medications. Manage Your Emotions, Self-Sooth, and Reduce the Tension. Rowe CL, Liddle HA, McClintic K, et al. In recent guideline and review papers of co-occurring disorders for both teens and adults, several experts call for interventions for substance abuse and mental health problems that are delivered in a truly integrated way rather than distinct treatments offered concurrently or consecutively [5, 31]. Corona, NY 11368. Treatment of comorbid adolescent cannabis use and major depressive disorder. 96-09 40 RD. 2003. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Encyclopedia of Couple and Family Therapy, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49425-8_164, Reference Module Humanities and Social Sciences. Testing turning points using latest growth curve models: Competing models of substance abuse and desistance in young adulthood. Multi-Dimensional Family Therapy Given that common risk factors are known to contribute to substance abuse and other disorders in adolescence, addressing these vulnerabilities and promoting protective processes through targeted intervention may have broad and lasting effects [20, 21]. MDFT is an integrated therapy model that incorporates and supports parents, families, and community partners (e.g., child welfare, schools). Youth receiving MDFT were detained fewer days (following their original discharge from detention) than youth in services as usual. Aug 2020. D'Amico EJ, Edelen MO, Miles JNV, et al. Multidimensional Family Therapy for Justice-Involved Young Adults with Substance Use Disorders. PMC In the trial comparing MDFT with individually-focused cognitive behavior therapy (CBT), and in the DTC study, analyses supported the distinctiveness of two classes of substance use severity, characterized primarily by adolescents with higher and lower initial severity (higher severity class having greater psychiatric comorbidity). Unfortunately, while several treatments have been shown to reduce adolescent substance use [26, 27], many of these interventions focus on alleviating substance use alone rather than targeting multiple adolescent problem behaviors. Several features of the MDFT model are hypothesized to increase its success with teens experiencing multiple problems. In the Detention-to-Community (DTC) study, MDFT was tested in a 2-site NIDA CJDATS randomized trial as a cross-systems integrative model with youths while they were in detention and providing continuous services in MDFT after they were released [49]. Multidimensional Family Therapy | SpringerLink Controlled trial of a family-based alternative to residential drug treatment for co-morbid adolescent substance abusers: Preliminary findings. Early stage interventions aim to develop multiple alliances with teens, parents, and influential members of extrafamilial systems, as well as motivating each to participate and change. Tutoring and vocational training services have also been established within several MDFT teams so that these efforts can be truly integrated with the MDFT treatment. Over 30 years of NIH-funded MDFT research, independent studies, and scientific evaluations offer strong evidence for the models effectiveness and transportability. Multidimensional Family Therapy (MDFT) for Young People in Treatment Liddle, H. A., Rowe, C. L., Dakof, G. A., Ungaro, R. A., & Henderson, C. E. (2004). Vreugdenhil C, Van Den Brink W, Wouters LF, et al. Marvel et al [52] described the process of developing and testing this new component of MDFT with juveniles recruited in detention and following release to the community. Armstrong TD, Costello EJ. (2015). Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). The therapist offers an analysis of the teen and family that provides hope for change, helping the PO understand that the focus on family relationship dynamics will pay off in practical terms - in better parental monitoring and compliance to the terms of probation. Grella CE, Hser YI, Joshi V, et al. A third randomized trial tested MDFT as an early intervention for 83 young minority adolescents (ages 11-15) referred for drug treatment in Miami [35]. There is evidence that MDFT is slightly more effective in treating young people's drug abuse than other treatments; however, the difference is small. Another important line of investigation has examined trajectories of youth with greater severity of comorbid problems in two randomized controlled trials [57]. Because these shared factors have an influence on a range of negative developmental outcomes, the intensive work done in all domains of the therapy, but especially family sessions, alters the trajectories of these risk factors, promotes protective processes, and presumably improves adolescents' outcomes as well. These studies have systematically tested adaptations of MDFT for diverse treatment settings in different care sectors (mental health, substance abuse, juvenile justice, and child welfare), as well as adaptations according to treatment delivery features and client impairment level, including adolescents presenting with multiple psychiatric diagnoses. Rowe CL, Liddle HA, Dakof GA, et al. Hussong AM, Curran PJ, Moffitt TE, et al. Multidimensional family therapy reduces problematic gaming in Multidimensional family therapy for young adolescent substance abuse: Twelve month outcomes of a randomized control trial. Effectiveness of formalised therapy for adolescents with cannabis dependence: A randomised trial. The sample was 29% African American; 49% White, non-Hispanic, 4% Hispanic, and 3% other. Third, youths' and families' functioning in a range of domains have been shown to improve during treatment and to maintain gains following treatment. . Similarly, in addition to multidimensional assessment of potential comorbidities, Kaminer and colleagues [3] recommend simultaneous and coordinated implementation of psychiatric and substance abuse treatment services in which psychotherapy targets the range of presenting symptoms and medications are utilized and closely monitored to reduce the debilitating symptoms of disorders such as depression. 2023 Aug 2. doi: 10.1007/s11414-023-09852-5. MDFT MDFT seeks to enhance coping, problem solving, and communication skills; stabilize mental health issues; reduce youth substance use; and improve school achievement among adolescents and young adults. 2008. Assessing the effect of multidimensional family therapy in adolescents In the 2-site Detention-to-Community (DTC) randomized trial described above [49], we developed, and then experimentally tested, an integrated substance abuse treatment and HIV prevention intervention (MDFT-HIV) specifically for juvenile detainees. Consistent with hypotheses, from 2-18 months, youths in MDFT more rapidly decreased their self- and parent-reported aggressive behavior and self- and parent-reported delinquent activity than youths who received residential treatment. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies The research evidence supporting MDFT's effects is strong in several respects. Learn More . This information is not exhaustive and may be subject to change. For instance, Hussong et al [61] recently demonstrated using different growth curve models that substance use in late adolescence plays a launching role on trajectories of antisocial behavior in young adulthood, as well as predicting elevations at specific periods of time. At least one parent/guardian or parental figure must also participate in treatment. The approach is unique in that few trauma-focused interventions have been integrated within an empirically supported substance abuse program. Careers, Unable to load your collection due to an error. Outcomes were assessed at intake, 2, 4, 12, 18, 24, 36, and 48 month follow-up. Epub 2013 Aug 28. from the Multidimensional family Therapy research program. Fact Sheets MDFT Child And Adolescent Psychiatry And Mental Health, 12, 44. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-018-0248-x, Lascaux, M., Ionescu, S., & Phan, O. Each session lasts approximately 45 to 90 minutes. Tolou-Shams M, Dauria EF, Folk J, Shumway M, Marshall BDL, Rizzo CJ, Messina N, Covington S, Haack LM, Chaffee T, Brown LK. The rigorous multi-site CYT study also supports the sustainability of MDFT's effects and its positive benefit-cost ratio up to 30 month follow-up [53]. Multidimensional Family Therapy as a community-based alternative to residential treatment for adolescents with substance use and co-occurring mental health disorders. Epub 2022 Jun 29. Capaldi DM, Stoolmiller M, Kim HK, et al. Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice. In fact, involved and supportive parenting was even found to ameliorate genetic risk for adolescent drug abuse in a recent study [25]. The average age of participants was 15.6 (SD = 1.0) and the sample was predominantly male (87%) and juvenile justice involved (65% had 1 or more arrests at intake). According to youth and parent reports, 34% had a family member with an alcohol problem; 35% had a family member with a drug problem; and 45% had a family member with police/court involvement. Treating teens: a guide to adolescent drug problems. Drug Alcohol Depend. Early developmental processes and the continuity of risk for underage drinking and problem drinking. PMID: 27565445 DOI: 10.1111/famp.12243 Abstract This article summarizes the 30+-year evidence base of Multidimensional Family Therapy (MDFT), a comprehensive treatment for youth substance abuse and antisocial behaviors. Henderson CE, Rowe CL, Dakof GA, et al. Multidimensional Family Therapy in adolescents with a cannabis use disorder: Long-term effects on delinquency in a randomized controlled trial. Matching adolescents with a cannabis use disorder to Multidimensional Family Therapy or cognitive behavioral therapy: Treatment effect moderators in a randomized controlled trial. For instance, AACAP practice parameters for the treatment of adolescent substance abuse include both thorough assessment of possible co-occurring disorders as well as systematic incorporation of pharmacological agents and other psychosocial interventions that address psychiatric symptoms [28]. Further, MDFT retained 97% of youth in treatment during detention stays as compared to 65% of youth receiving services as usual (SAU) in detention; 87% percent of youth in MDFT were retained in outpatient treatment for 3 months following detention release, compared to only 23% of youth in SAU [49]. Trauma symptoms were of particular interest given high rates of PTSD among youth in previous disaster studies. Multidimensional family therapy (Liddle, 2002b) is a manualized treatment for adolescent drug abuse and related behavior problems that seeks to reduce psychological symptoms and enhance developmental functioning by facilitating change in several behavioral domains. Theory development in a family-based therapy for adolescent drug abuse. Risk and protective factors for alcohol and other drug problems in adolescence and early adulthood: implications for substance abuse prevention. 2017 May;58(5):532-545. doi: 10.1111/jcpp.12685. Multidimensional family therapy: A science-based treatment system for HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help The results revealed significant decreases in substance use and problem behaviors at termination for all treatments, with youth receiving MDFT showing significantly less substance use than the two comparison treatments. It has been adapted and tested in various forms or versions according to target population and contextual characteristics in community-based clinical trials with samples of substance abusing teens with high rates of comorbid emotional and behavioral problems. The second randomized trial compared MDFT to an empirically supported, individual-based adolescent treatment - Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) [36] with 224 primary male and African American adolescents referred to a drug treatment clinic in North Philadelphia. Young people who are involved with the child welfare system face . Learn More . page or These studies have primarily been conducted in community settings with masters-level non-research clinicians, increasing the transfer potential of the approach to standard clinical and juvenile justice settings. At the end of this training, therapists are eligible to receive an MDFT certification. Family Process, 55(3), 558576. Epub 2010 Apr 28. Marvel F, Rowe CL, Colon L, et al. Impact of psychiatric comorbidity on treatment of adolescent drug abusers. Epub 2012 Nov 8. van der Pol TM, Hoeve M, Noom MJ, Stams GJJM, Doreleijers TAH, van Domburgh L, Vermeiren RRJM. 2021 Nov 1;228:108934. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108934. Disclaimer. (2016). The Foundling's Improving Family Systems program targets young people between the ages of 6-18, and utilizes Brief Strategic Family Therapy (BSFT), a service model used to improve family interactions, reduce risk factors, and strengthen protective factors against drug use and other conduct problems. Effect sizes for some outcomes were not able to be calculated by the Prevention Services Clearinghouse. Multidimensional Family Therapy (MDFT) is an evidence-based treatment for a range of adolescent problems, including co-occurring substance abuse and delinquency (Liddle 2015 ). Multidimensional Family Therapy for young adolescent substance abuse: Twelve-month outcomes of a randomized controlled trial. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Studies with community-based, clinical, and juvenile justice samples alike document that adolescent substance abuse is frequently comorbid with a host of other psychiatric disorders, most commonly conduct disorder (CD), attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), depression, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]. Effective family-based interventions for adolescents with substance use problems: A systematic review. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! For more information on how this program or service was reviewed, visit the A basic introduction to MDFT with continuing education units (CEU) is available through a 2-day introductory workshop for agencies and clinicians not seeking full MDFT Certification Training. Challenges remain, however, in maximizing the impact of these treatments on the range of problems that co-occur with adolescent substance abuse. The quality of highly regarded adolescent substance abuse treatment programs. Adapting and implementing an evidence-based treatment with justice-involved adolescents: the example of multidimensional family therapy. In fact, as posited by Jessor and Jessor's [16] problem behavior theory, adolescent substance abuse tends to co-occur with a range of other disruptive behaviors that can have long-term consequences, including unsafe sexual practices, school failure, and social isolation, alienation, and conflict. Problems youth face are complex and many other treatments are missing the mark, A collaborative approach that is comprehensive, family-centered, and scientifically proven, An effective family-centered treatment for youth, Reviews regularly conclude that MDFT exemplifies top-tier science, A flexible framework that fits in both public and private mental health, substance use, child welfare, and juvenile justice settings, The Honorable Jeri Beth Cohen, State of Florida 11th Judicial Circuit, 6619 South Dixie Highway, #117Miami, FL 33143. Systematic and effective engagement strategies have paid off in high retention rates. As hypothesized, in both studies, the two treatments (MDFT and CBT in Study 1, and MDFT and ESAU in Study 2) were similarly effective in the classes with fewer comorbid diagnoses, but MDFT was more effective for the class with greater overall severity and comorbidity. Liddle, H. A. Clingempeel WG, Britt SC, Henggeler SW. Furthermore, none of the five included studies could be characterised as a robust randomised controlled trial with a low risk of bias on all assessed domains. Safe Sleeping. This article reviews the clinical interventions and research evidence supporting the use of Multidimensional Family Therapy (MDFT) for adolescents with substance abuse and co-occurring problems. Bonnaire C, Bastard N, Couteron JP, Har A, Phan O. Encephale. 2014; Liddle 2010; Van der Pol et al. Community studies on adolescent substance use, abuse, or dependence and psychiatric comorbidity. 4: Integrative/Eclectic Therapies). Treating adolescent drug abuse: A randomized trial comparing multidimensional family therapy and cognitive behavior therapy. Howard Liddle is the developer of MDFT. Four trials demonstrate that MDFT decreases delinquent behavior and affiliation with delinquent peers more than comparison treatments [34, 37, 49, 55]. The study is currently following participants at 18, 24, 36, and 42 months follow-up to determine long-term effects of the integrative MDFT-DTC model. Rapid relapse generally follows treatment for substance use disorders among adolescents. New York: Routledge. Treatment Techniques and Outcomes in Multidimensional Family Therapy At intake, participants averaged 3.9 lifetime arrests (SD = 3.3), with 2.3 (SD = 2.1) in the last year. The consistent associations among family factors and adolescent problem behaviors, as well as strong empirical support for family-based interventions tested in a number of rigorously controlled trials in the past two decades [26, 27], has firmly established family involvement as a critical ingredient in the treatment of adolescent substance use disorders [28]. A flexible framework that fits in both public and private mental health, substance use, child welfare, and juvenile justice settings. Reviews regularly conclude that MDFT exemplifies top-tier science. Previous reviews have demonstrated MDFT's potential to reduce adolescent drug and alcohol use to a greater extent than a range of high quality, closely monitored, active comparison interventions [22, 26, 27, 39, 42]. (2010). Glantz MD. Some have advocated for a chronic care model in which one treatment episode would set a foundation for ongoing services and booster sessions, but would not be considered a cure-all for the rest of the teen's development [2]. Springer, Cham. Substance use, substance used disorders, and comorbidity patterns in a representative sample of incarcerated male Dutch adolescents. Finally, the conclusions briefly present certain challenges and the need for additional research on this and similar models. Through a series of individual and family interviews, meetings with school, court, and other mental health professionals, and observations of directed family interactions, the therapist seeks to answer critical questions about functioning in each area of the adolescent's life. And, because family factors predict a range of problems in adolescence, including internalized distress and externalizing behaviors, intervening to change negative interactions and patterns within the family may also be critical in impacting co-occurring disorders as well as teen substance abuse. JUVENILE PROBATION OFFICER PERCEPTIONS OF PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT IN JUVENILE PROBATION AND WITH CONTINGENCY MANAGEMENT. The model can also be integrated within non-clinical residential settings, such as boarding schools or detention centers. Liddle, H. A. Center for Treatment Research on Adolescent Drug Abuse, University of Miami. 2013 Jun 1;130(1-3):85-93. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.10.013. Additionally, community sessions are held with schools and representatives of other key systems throughout treatment (e.g., child welfare, juvenile delinquency). Typically, Multi-Dimensional Family Therapy (MDFT) is used in families in which an adolescent is the identified patient (IP). Treatment and other interventions targeting drug use and addiction: state of the art 2004. MDFT was recently included in a review of a handful of research-supported integrated interventions that simultaneously address both mental health and substance use disorders ([2] p. 207). An official website of the United States government. Partners for Change - The New York Foundling In our early adolescent trial, MDFT showed more significant effects on internalized distress between intake and 12 month follow-up than CBT peer group treatment [35, 37]. Additionally, while certain features of the model are thought to explain MDFT's effects on multiple problems as outlined above, empirical research on mediators of such effects are only in beginning stages. Psychosocial interventions for people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse. This treatment is based on the idea that behavioral problems in adolescents are caused by many factors and treatment should come from a place of respect . Family-based Treatments for Adolescent Substance Use - PMC Effectiveness of cross-systems Multidimensional Family Therapy for justice-involved youth. Adolescent substance abuse rarely occurs without other psychiatric and developmental problems, yet it is often treated and researched as if it can be isolated from comorbid conditions. Drug abuse treatment outcome study of adolescents: A comparison of client characteristics and pretreatment behaviors in three treatment modalities. Independently Evaluated. Parenting practices as mediators of treatment effects in an early-intervention trial of Multidimensional Family Therapy. Rates of co-occurring adolescent substance use and psychiatric disorders average 60% in community-based samples [6] and can range up to 80-90% in treatment and juvenile justice samples [7, 8, 9, 10]. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49425-8_164, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49425-8_164, eBook Packages: Behavioral Science and PsychologyReference Module Humanities and Social Sciences. Multidimensional family therapy. the contents by NLM or the National Institutes of Health. Evidence-based psychosocial treatments for adolescent substance abuse. Therapists clarify with the probation officer (PO) the monitoring protocol (e.g., weekly drug screens, meetings, etc.) 2023 Jan;50(1):40-55. doi: 10.1177/00938548221106468. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 62(6), 1573-1588. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X16687536, van der Pol, T. M., Hendriks, V., Rigter, H., Cohn, M. D., Doreleijers, T. A. H., van Domburgh, L., & Vermeiren, R. R. J. M. (2018). Similar to results in the prevention trial, while youth in the peer group treatment increased their affiliation with delinquent peers over the 12 month follow-up period, MDFT teens showed marked reductions in peer delinquency over this period [37]. Zucker RA, Donovan JE, Masten AS, et al. Additionally, few empirically-based trauma interventions concurrently address the stress and coping of teens and their parents, or leverage the healing potential of the family as a larger unit. Many substance abusing youth with severe conduct disorder are at risk to progress to antisocial personality disorder and to experience chronic substance abuse, mental health, employment, health, and relationship difficulties into adulthood [14, 15]. Treating adolescent drug abuse: A randomized trial comparing Multidimensional Family Therapy and cognitive behavior therapy. and transmitted securely. (2016). official website and that any information you provide is encrypted PDF Treatment Approaches for Drug Addiction Results suggest that Multidimensional Family Therapy is a promising alternative to residential treatment for youth with substance use and co-occurring disorders. PDF Multidimensional Family Therapy (MDFT) - CT.gov Medications are presented to teens and families as important in reducing the impact of symptoms, as well as improving the teen's functioning so that he or she is more effective in his or her efforts in MDFT, school, and home. Studies are identified below by their Prevention Services Clearinghouse study identification numbers. Third, the therapy mobilizes and actively coordinates the efforts of many different systems impacting the teen's life, including other mental health services and psychiatric consultation. Integrative treatment development: Multidimensional family therapy for adolescent substance abuse. Select and Prioritize Programs and Services, Study Eligibility Screening and Prioritization, Program or Service Delivery and Implementation, Child well-being: Behavioral and emotional functioning, Child well-being: Educational achievement and attainment, Adult well-being: Positive parenting practices, Youth Self Report: Externalizing Problems (6 week interim), Youth Self Report: Externalizing Problems (end of treatment), Youth Self Report: Internalizing Problems (6 week interim), Youth Self Report: Internalizing Problems (end of treatment), Global Appraisal of Individual Needs: Internalized Distress, Youth Self Report: Internalizing Problems, Child Behavior Checklist: Internalizing Problems, Child Behavior Checklist: Externalizing Problems, National Youth Survey: Peer Delinquency Scale (6-week post-baseline), National Youth Survey: Peer Delinquency Scale (end of treatment), National Youth Survey: Peer Delinquency Scale (6-month post-baseline), National Youth Survey: Peer Delinquency Scale (12-month post-baseline), Problem Oriented Screening Instrument for Teenagers: Substance Use Problems (6-week post-baseline), Problem Oriented Screening Instrument for Teenagers: Substance Use Problems (end of treatment), Problem Oriented Screening Instrument for Teenagers: Substance Use Problems (6-month post-baseline), Problem Oriented Screening Instrument for Teenagers: Substance Use Problems (12-month post-baseline), Problem Oriented Screening Instrument for Teenagers: % w/ SU Problems (6-week post-baseline), Problem Oriented Screening Instrument for Teenagers: % w/ SU Problems (end of treatment), Problem Oriented Screening Instrument for Teenagers: % w/ SU Problems (6-month post-baseline), Problem Oriented Screening Instrument for Teenagers: % w/ SU Problems (12-month post-baseline), Timeline Follow-Back Method: 30 Day Substance Use Frequency (6-week post-baseline), Timeline Follow-Back Method: 30 Day Substance Use Frequency (end of treatment), Timeline Follow-Back Method: 30 Day Substance Use Frequency (6-month post-baseline), Timeline Follow-Back Method: 30 Day Substance Use Frequency (12-month post-baseline), Timeline Follow-Back Method: Percent with Any Use in 30 Days (6-week post-baseline), Timeline Follow-Back Method: Percent with Any Use in 30 Days (end of treatment), Timeline Follow-Back Method: Percent with Any Use in 30 Days (6-month post-baseline), Timeline Follow-Back Method: Percent with Any Use in 30 Days (12-month post-baseline), National Youth Survey: Self-Report Delinquency Scale (% w/ Any Delinquency; 6-week post-baseline), National Youth Survey: Self-Report Delinquency Scale (% w/ Any Delinquency; end of treatment), National Youth Survey: Self-Report Delinquency Scale (% w/ Any Delinquency; 6-month post-baseline), National Youth Survey: Self-Report Delinquency Scale (% w/ Any Delinquency; 12-month post-baseline), National Youth Survey: Self-Report Delinquency Scale (6-week post-baseline), National Youth Survey: Self-Report Delinquency Scale (end of treatment), National Youth Survey: Self-Report Delinquency Scale (6-month post-baseline), National Youth Survey: Self-Report Delinquency Scale (12-month post-baseline), Self Report Delinquency Scale: Number of Criminal Offenses in the Past 90 Days, Self Report Delinquency Scale: Number of Property Crimes in the Past 90 Days, Self Report Delinquency Scale: Number of Violent Crimes in the Past 90 Days, Total Number of Police-Arrest Offenses in Past Year, Total Number of Police-Arrest Violent Offenses in Past Year, Total Number of Police-Arrest Property Offenses in Past Year, Adolescent Daily Interview: Parental Monitoring (6-week post-baseline), Adolescent Daily Interview: Parental Monitoring (end of treatment), Adolescent Daily Interview: Parent-Child Relationship Quality (6-week post-baseline), Adolescent Daily Interview: Parent-Child Relationship Quality (end of treatment), Adolescent Daily Interview: Positive Family Interactions (6-week post-baseline), Adolescent Daily Interview: Positive Family Interactions (end of treatment), Adolescent Daily Interview: Positive Family Interactions (6-month post-baseline), Adolescent Daily Interview: Positive Family Interactions (12-month post-baseline), Adolescent Daily Interview: Negative Family Interactions (6-week post-baseline), Adolescent Daily Interview: Negative Family Interactions (end of treatment), Adolescent Daily Interview: Negative Family Interactions (6-month post-baseline), Adolescent Daily Interview: Negative Family Interactions (12-month post-baseline), Family Environment Scale: Cohesion (6 week interim), Family Environment Scale: Cohesion (end of treatment), Family Environment Scale: Conflict (6 week interim), Family Environment Scale: Conflict (end of treatment), Mental Health Center, Treatment Center, Therapist Office.