It was built over the site of a rock said to be used as a seat by the Virgin Mary as she traveled to Bethlehem while pregnant with Jesus, corresponding to a story told in the Protoevangelium of James. The Church of Sv. Domes over windowed drums of cylindrical or polygonal shape were standard after the 9th century. As the height of the dome rises, the concrete was mixed with lighter and lighter stone materialthe top is largely pumice. [30], Domes reached monumental size in the Roman Imperial period. Architect: Apollodorus of Damasco Year: 118-125 Location: Rome, Italy Architect Apollodorus of Damasco Built in 118-125 Location Rome, Italy Introduction In the year 27 BC, the first Pantheon was built by Marco Vipsanio Agrippa, General of Emperor Caesar Augustus in the first century before Christ. [125] The last domed church in the city of Rome for centuries was Santo Stefano al Monte Celio around 460. [126] Although they continued to be built elsewhere in Italy, domes would not be built again within Rome until 1453. The Unfathomable History of the Pantheon in Rome - The Roman Guy The throne room of Neuschwanstein Castle (188586) was built by King Ludwig II in Bavaria. Heavy with traditional detailing from Asia Minor, and possibly Armenian or Georgian influence, the brick pendentives and drum of the dome remain Byzantine. The dome of the Pantheon. [208] One of the hallmarks of Thessalonian churches was the plan of a domed naos with a peristoon wrapped around three sides. 067 Paris 26 10 07 in 2023 | Baroque architecture, Pantheon paris [127] Other 5th century Italian domes may include a church at Casaranello[it] (first half of the 5th century), the chapel of San Vittore in Milan[it] at the Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio, the chapel of St. Maria Mater Domini in the church of San Felice and Fortunato in Vicenza[it], and Sicily's Cuba[it] of Malvagna (5th or 6th century) and San Pietro ad Baias (5th or 6th century). [60] It remained the largest dome in the world for more than a millennium and is still the world's largest unreinforced concrete dome. [94] Baptisteries began to be built in the manner of domed mausolea during the 4th century in Italy. [115] The dome was about 21 meters (69ft) wide. [185] The Nea Ekklesia of Emperor Basil I was built in Constantinople around 880 as part of a substantial building renovation and construction program during his reign. It was half-destroyed by the Huns in 447 and was rebuilt in the 11th century. The nave was re-covered with an elliptical domical vault hidden externally by a low cylinder on the roof, in place of the earlier barrel vaulted ceiling, and the original central dome from the Justinian era was replaced with one raised upon a high windowed drum. With a diameter that measures 43.4 meters, the dome of the Roman Pantheon ranks as the world's largest dome made of unreinforced solid concrete. [85], The 24-meter (79ft) dome of the Mausoleum of Galerius was built around 300 AD close to the imperial palace as either a mausoleum or a throne room. Mar 13, 2023 - Paris, October 2007. It has side niches similar to those of an octagonal mausoleum but was located at the end of an apparently barrel-vaulted hall like the arrangement found in later Sasanian palaces. Detroit Museum of Art 2 interior. [2] The mortar and aggregate of Roman concrete was built up in horizontal layers laid by hand against wooden form-work with the thickness of the layers determined by the length of the workday, rather than being poured into a mold as concrete is today. [92][93] It was later destroyed and when rebuilt by Justinian the octagon was replaced with a tri-apsidal structure. Periodic earthquakes in the region have caused three partial collapses of the dome and necessitated repairs. [159] Iron cramps between the marble blocks of its cornice helped to reduce outward thrusts at the base and limit cracking, like the wooden tension rings used in other Byzantine brick domes. Seven interior niches and the entrance way divide the wall structurally into eight virtually independent piers. The second largest is the collapsed "Temple of Apollo" built nearby along the shore of Lake Avernus. Examples include the Mausoleum of Galla Placidia, the martyrium attached to the Basilica of San Simpliciano, and churches in Macedonia and on the coast of Asia Minor. The fragmentation of the empire, beginning in 1204, is reflected in a fragmentation of church design and regional innovations. The upper portion of the Church of St. Nicholas at Myra was destroyed, but it had a dome on pendentives over the nave that might have been built between 602 and 655, although it has been attributed to the late eighth or early ninth centuries. [118], Early examples of Byzantine domes existed over the hexagonal hall of the Palace of Antiochos, the hexagon at Glhane, the martyium of Sts. [134][135] There is a story that she used the contribution to public funds that she had promised Justinian on his ascension to the throne to roof her church in gold. [167] The church dome is unusual in that the pendentives sprang from an octagonal drum, rather than the four main arches, and in that it was made of brick, which was rare in Syria. 9. Origins The present-day Pantheon is located on the site of an earlier structure of the same name, constructed around 25 B.C. [147] It is 18 meters (59ft) in diameter. [80], In the 4th century, Roman domes proliferated due to changes in the way domes were constructed, including advances in centering techniques and the use of brick ribbing. Oculi were common features. [106], The largest centrally planned Early Christian church, Milan's San Lorenzo Maggiore, was built in the middle of the 4th century while that city served as the capital of the Western Empire and may have been domed with a light material, such as timber or cane. [3][4] The aggregate used by the Romans was often rubble, but lightweight aggregate in the upper levels served to reduce stresses. Watch. The Pantheon: A Temple to All Gods - Monolithic Dome Institute Pendentive domes would be used much more widely in the Byzantine period. Christian baptisteries and shrines were domed in the 4th century, such as the Lateran Baptistery and the likely wooden dome over the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. [245], In the United States, Greek Orthodox churches beginning in the 1950s tended to use a large central dome with a ring of windows at its base evocative of the central dome of Hagia Sophia, rather than more recent or more historically common Byzantine types, such as the Greek-cross-octagon or five-domed quincunx plans. [246] The use of a large central dome in American Greek Orthodox churches continued in the 1960s and 1970s before moving toward smaller Middle Byzantine domes, or versions of Early Christian basilicas.[247]. Donat, originally domed, may have been built next to a palace and resembles palace churches in the Byzantine tradition. Domes were supported by either squinches (which were used in the Sasanian Empire but rarely in the Byzantine) or pendentives like those of the Byzantine empire, and the combination of domed-cross plan with the hall-church plan could have been influenced by the architecture of Justinian. At the bath complex at Baiae, there are remains of a collapsed dome spanning 26.3 meters (86ft), called the "Temple of Venus", and a larger half-collapsed dome spanning 29.5 meters (97ft) called the "Temple of Diana". [95] In the second half of the fourth century, domed octagonal baptisteries similar to the form of contemporary imperial mausolea developed in the region of North Italy near Milan. [110] The building may have been the church of the nearby imperial palace and a proposed construction between 355-374 under the Arian bishop Auxentius of Milan, who later "suffered a kind of damnatio memoriae at the hands of his orthodox successors", may explain the lack of records about it. [218] The earliest architecture of Kiev, the vast majority of which was made of wood, has been lost to fire, but by the 12th century masonry domes on low drums in Kiev and Vladimir-Suzdal were little different than Byzantine domes, although modified toward the "helmet" type with a slight point. Such a mass of concrete seems like it would crumble under it own weight, yet the dome endures thanks to Roman architectural innovation. Imperial mausolea, such as the Mausoleum of Diocletian, were domed beginning in the 3rd century. [40], According to Suetonius, the Domus Aurea had a dome that perpetually rotated on its base in imitation of the sky. [75] The Villa Gordiani also contains remains of an oval gored dome. [158] The ring of windows at the base of the central dome are in the portion where the greatest hoop tension would have been expected and so they may have been used to help alleviate cracking along the meridians. [205], Mistra was ruled from Constantinople after 1262, then was the suzerain of the Despotate of the Morea from 1348 to 1460. [221], In Romanesque Italy, Byzantine influence can most clearly be seen in Venice's St Mark's Basilica, from about 1063, but also in the domed churches of southern Italy, such as Canosa Cathedral (1071) and the old Cathedral of Molfetta[it] (c. [31] The building, actually a concrete frigidarium pool for a bathhouse, dates to either the late Roman Republic,[32] or the reign of the first emperor Augustus (27 BC 14 AD), making it the first large Roman dome. Pantheon, Rome (Italy): History and Description. Dome and Oculus [113], The Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem was likely built with a wooden dome over the shrine by the end of the 4th century. [81] Arranging these terracotta tubes in a continuous spiral created a dome that was not strong enough for very large spans, but required only minimal centering and formwork. [70] A small dome on spherical pendentives at Beurey-Beauguay on the Cte-d'Or department of France has been dated to the 2nd or 3rd century. Nothing of it has survived except descriptions, which indicate that it had a pumpkin dome containing sixteen windows in its webs and that the dome was supported by the arches of eight niches connecting to adjoining rooms in the building's likely circular plan. Short Description Of The Pantheon. [200], The Late Byzantine Period, from 1204 to 1453, has an unsettled chronology of buildings, especially during the Latin Occupation. There . Description http://www.niu.edu/cseas/outreach/SacredArchi.htm Floor Plan of the Pantheon The pattern on the floor consists of squares and circles and symbolizes order within the Roman empire. The Pantheon is considered a rotunda, a circular drum structure. The upper floor contained a likely cruciform room with a small dome at the center, in imitation of the audience halls of the Byzantine emperors. [124] The last imperial domed mausoleum in the city was that of Emperor Honorius, built in 415 next to St. Peter's Basilica. The central dome over the crossing had pendentives and windows in its base, while the four domes over the arms of the cross had pendentives but no windows. The Byzantine churches today called Kalenderhane Mosque, Gl Mosque, and the Enez Fatih mosque all had domes greater than 7 meters (23ft) in diameter and used piers as part of large cruciform plans, a practice that had been out of fashion for several centuries. The precise shape of the original central dome completed in 537 was significantly different from the current one and, according to contemporary accounts, much bolder. Art History Chapter 8 - Byzantine Art Why did Justinian claim poetically that Hagia Sophia's gigantic dome seemed to hang suspended on a "golden chain from heaven"? It was destroyed by a fire in the year 80. [227] Following the construction of Graanica monastery, the architecture of Serbia used the "so-called Athonite plan", for example at Ravanica (13757). [132] The first known domed basilica may have been a church at Meriamlik in southern Turkey, dated to between 471 and 494, although the ruins do not provide a definitive answer. [237] The dome and semi-domes of the Hagia Sophia, in particular, were replicated and refined. [128], The Church of the Kathisma was built along the road from Jerusalem to Bethlehem around 456 with an octagonal plan. [174], Destruction by earthquakes or invaders in the seventh to ninth centuries seems to have encouraged the development of masonry domes and vaulting experimentation over basilicas in Anatolia. [233] The dome of the Pantheon, as a symbol of Rome and its monumental past, was particularly celebrated and imitated, although copied only loosely. Indeed, the memorable Hagia Sophiaits massive interior framed by the dome that rests on four clustered piersmarks Byzantine architecture with its iconicity . Modest domes in baths dating from the 2nd and 1st centuries BC are seen in Pompeii, in the cold rooms of the Terme Stabiane and the Terme del Foro. It was rebuilt with a Romanesque dome that lasted until 1573, when it collapsed and was replaced by the present structure. [16] Until the 9th century, domes were low with thick buttressing and did not project much into the exterior of their buildings. "[204], A 15th century account of a Russian traveler to Constantinople mentions an abandoned hall, presumably domed, "in which the sun, the moon, and the stars succeeded each other as in heaven. The Panthon (French: [p.te.] (), from the Classical Greek word , pntheion, '[temple] to all the gods') is a monument in the 5th arrondissement of Paris, France.It stands in the Latin Quarter, atop the Montagne Sainte-Genevive, in the centre of the Place du Panthon, which was named after it.The edifice was built between 1758 and 1790, from designs by Jacques . [44], The only intact dome from the reign of Emperor Domitian is a 16.1-meter (53ft) wide example in what may have been a nymphaeum at his villa at Albano. [38] Domitian's 92 AD Domus Augustana established the apsidal semi-dome as an imperial motif.

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