Chinese J. Behav. Third, rank, rather than money itself, may determine power and access to (exclusive) material goods. Relative deprivation and human flourishing: how do upward income Considering that the hypothesized model has a stronger theoretical basis, we therefore selected the hypothesised model as our final model. Chen X. Such policies must be carefully implemented, however, to avoid aggravating relative deprivation by drawing wider attention to participants low socio-economic status. With the COVID-19 pandemic, life satisfaction among college students has become a key issue at universities and in society. It may also cause individuals to experience strong feelings of stress and depression, increase their risk of disease and promote adoption of risky behaviors such as smoking, alcohol abuse, binge eating, or drug abuse. 47, 749755. doi: 10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30308-4. Weakly relative poverty. Review of Economics and Statistics 93:4 (2011): 12511261 [13]. The age of the participants ranged between 18 and 29 years old, with an average age of 21.57 years (SD = 2.70), and 17.00% were male. J. Psychiatr. The paradox has been found to apply to a large set of developed countries, including Japan, the Republic of Korea, the US, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, and the UK [4], and a large number of developing countries, including China [6], South Africa, most Eastern European countries, and most Latin American countries. (2012). In addition, because the timing in the assessment of relative deprivation and life satisfaction overlapped, the mediation models were also conducted with the positions of relative deprivation and life satisfaction reversed (with life satisfaction as the independent variable, relative deprivation as the outcome variable, resilience and belief in a just world as mediators). The effect of COVID-19 on youth mental health. Consult. Two items measured perceived relative deprivation (Zagefka et al., 2013; Xiong and Ye, 2016). Revising of belief in a just world scale and its reliability and validity in college students. Psychol., 86, 320333. It also found that serial mediation existed in the above relations in the Chinese culture and particular context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Manag. Financial support from the NIH/NIA (Grant Number 1 R03 AG048920-01) and the National Science Fund of China (Approval numbers 70525003 and 70828002) are gratefully acknowledged. Mental health status among children in home confinement during the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak in Hubei province, China. Res. doi: 10.1080/17439760.2021.1940251, Watson, R., and Popescu, G. H. (2021). A 2014 study attempts to deal with concerns over the direction of the relationship between health behavior and relative deprivation using parents education as a proxy for the relative deprivation of adolescents in the US. June 22, 2021 Abstract Could perceived economic standing relative to others a ect citizens' support for and con dence in government leaders and institutions? In impoverished rural communities in central China, this regulation targets village leaders who are often the most active in hosting lavish ceremonies and presenting gifts. J. Soc. The impacts of a COVID-19 epidemic focus and general belief in a just world on individual emotions. Bull. It is clear that BJW is positively correlated with resilience among Chinese individuals. (2020). Finally, the indirect effect of relative deprivation on life satisfaction through belief in a just world and then resilience (i.e., a serial mediating effect) was also found, effect = 0.12, 95% CI (0.17, 0.07), which accounted for 6.98% of the total effect. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4757-3383-9, Dalbert, C. (2002). doi: 10.1023/A:1022091609047, Dalbert, C. (2001). The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Psychological resilience reduces the effect of COVID-19 on stress and increases happiness levels (Peker and Cengiz, 2021). (2009). The indirect effect of life satisfaction on relative deprivation via resilience and belief in a just world was insignificant. Finally, for the first time, we found data to support the serial mediation model. Indirect effect of relative deprivation on life satisfaction through belief in a just world was significant, effect = 0.19, 95% CI (0.28, 0.11), which accounted for 11.05% of the total effect. Dev. The Chinese version was translated from the English version with ensured fluency and accuracy (items were translated by the authors and back-translated by two expert English-Chinese interpreters independent of the current study) (Shu et al., 2012). (2006). (2020). Relative deprivation (RD) occurs when individuals compare themselves with better-off others and conclude that they do not deserve their disadvantage. A study of Chinese adolescents, for example, revealed that BJW are positively correlated with resilience (Dong, 2012). In control, optimistic, and resilient: Age-related effects of believing in a just world among adolescents. government site. Study 1 showed that although individuals who scored higher on a relative deprivation scale were more likely to engage in prosocical behavior, they reported lower levels of self-concordance of the. Development of a new resilience scale: The connor-davidson resilience scale (CD-RISC). Predicting self-rated mental and physical health: the contributions of subjective socioeconomic status and personal relative deprivation. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.1619, Xiong, C., and Xu, Y. (1999). In Tajikistan, where more than half the population lives in poverty, a law banning elaborate parties has benefited both hosts, who can now devote scarce resources to more productive investments, and guests, who gain from being spared the deeper impoverishment resulting from having to contribute to lavish events. It refers to the idea that some individuals or groups perceive themselves to have disadvantageous circumstances compared to corresponding reference groups, thereby leading them to experience negative emotions, such as anger and resentment. Psychol. Studies of relative deprivation have examined its impacts on health and happiness, two important components of well-being. Strong evidence finds a negative impact of relative deprivation on both objective and subjective dimensions of well-being. Want to Be Happier? Science Says Avoid the Effect of Relative Individ. Psy. This finding contradicts the notion that income growth at low living standards leads to gains, not losses, in happiness. Dev. Thus, individuals with high resilience may have an increased ability to face challenges, which in turn may lead to greater life satisfaction. (2003). Since a persons psychological state reinforces the link between relative deprivation and poor health, a direct remedy might be to alleviate feelings of relative deprivation through psychological support services. doi: 10.1177/0706743720940562. Before Psychol. Based on data from China Family Panel Studies, the effect of digital literacy on the . Higher summed scores across items indicate higher level of esilience. Relative deprivation offers a plausible explanation for the paradox that average happiness has remained constant or even fallen despite sharp rises in income. Abstract. Relative Deprivation as a Factor of Sociopolitical Destabilization 24, 438453. Belief in a just world appears to act as a psychological resource through its assimilation and trust functions (Dalbert and Stoeber, 2006; Dalbert and Donat, 2015). Positive psychology in a pandemic: buffering, bolstering, and building mental health. Rural residents in India spend 15% of their income, on average, on gift giving but only 23% on childrens education. Our study consists of an introduction, followed by a literature review, hypothesis, materials and methods. Results confirm a positive association between relative deprivation and alcohol consumption, drinking to intoxication, and smoking [8]. (2009). And while absolute poverty has been declining in most countries, relative deprivation and relative poverty have been rising. Descriptive statistics were computed for demographic data and all study variables. Physical activity improves mental health through resilience in Hong Kong Chinese adolescents. Abstract Background Relative deprivation induced by social comparisons is hypothesised to deleteriously affect health. Univ.-Soc. Relative deprivation theory and responses to discrimination in a gay male and lesbian sample. A total of 787 college students from universities in China completed online questionnaires. The quest for social status has been widely documented over time and across cultures. doi: 10.2224/sbp.2007.35.1.19, Zagefka, H., Binder, J., Brown, R., and Hancock, L. (2013). The poor in China, feeling compelled to participate in frequent ceremonial events, shift resources from already inadequate food intake to gift-giving, subjecting unborn children and young children to chronic malnutrition [9]. Poverty alleviation has brought about a change in perspective on what it means to be successfulreduced absolute poverty, reduced relative poverty, or both. doi: 10.1002/per.807, Xia, Y., and Ma, Z. Psychiatr. The patients/participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study. As a significant individual difference variable, resilience is also an important part of individual's psychological defense system (Xu et al., 2018). Research has demonstrated that relative deprivation can impair individuals' physical and mental health (Callan et al., 2015), decrease life satisfaction (Zhang et al., 2011), increase aggressive behavior (Greitemeyer and Sagioglou, 2017), and produce a number of negative psychological consequences, such as increased symptoms in physical stress (Walker and Mann, 1987). Studies for China and the US recommend tailoring psychological services and community-based activities to reduce relative deprivation and promote social integration for disadvantaged individuals [5], [8]. doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.05.038, Xie, X., Xue, Q., Zhou, Y., Zhu, K., Liu, Q., Zhang, J., et al. J. Cross-Cult. Such taxes also raise revenue that can be used to finance the provision of public goods that can reduce inequality and improve well-being. Cultural values moderate the impact of relative deprivation. Relative deprivation was indirectly associated with adolescent life satisfaction through belief in a just world and then resilience. The epidemic does have a negative impact on our lives (Hawke et al., 2020; Liang et al., 2020; Pierce et al., 2020), but the COVID-19 crisis and related lockdown measures do not only have a negative impact (Ahrens et al., 2021; Tul et al., 2021; Waters et al., 2021). Relative deprivation reflects conditions of worsening relative poverty despite striking reductions in absolute poverty. Lower status and induced feelings of relative deprivation, especially in countries with high inequality and a rigid social hierarchy, may worsen the condition of poor people by motivating them to spend lavishly on goods that signal a higher status in society. Together, these observations suggest that the stronger the relative deprivation felt by the students, the lower the life satisfaction they experience is. 13, 275283. They were surveyed by using Questionnaire Star during the COVID-19 pandemic and the early 2020 lockdown. Belief in a just world and its functions for young prisoners. Relative deprivation is also a gauge of inequality, an important indicator of equitable growth at the individual level. Review of the satisfaction with life scale. Go to: Abstract Social unrest is a feature of the early 21st century, yet relatively little research binds theoretical aspects with empirical validation of the drivers of protests and revolutions. Mediation analysis and effect size measurement: retrospect and prospect. Studies of relative deprivation assume either external comparisons with richer counterparts or internal comparisons with a persons past or future self without formally testing the importance of those reference groups. For example, relative deprivation seems to be more important in China, Germany [1], [11], and many other countries included in the World Value Survey (a global survey of peoples values and beliefs and how they change over time), while absolute income seems more important in some post-transition European countries and central and western Asian countries [1]. Abstract Formulae display:? The personal belief in a just world and domain-specific beliefs about justice at school and in the family: a longitudinal study with adolescents. 44, 398407. 15, 14751484. Int. When people respond to this condition by competing for higher A British Journal of Social Psychology overview says relative deprivation occurs when "persons may feel deprived of some desirable thing relative to their own past, other persons or groups, or some. People with a strong BJW may be more inclined to take responsibility for their reaction to an event. These upward comparisons, whether imposed or chosen, can damage people's emotions, behavior, and even mental and physical health. Pers. Metaphys. doi: 10.1186/s12887-015-0365-0, Jia, X., Bai, J., Lin, L., and Liu, X. Therefore, psychological resilience can help students cope with the negative emotions brought about by relative deprivation, such as anger, dissatisfaction, disappointment, and stress, and reduce the risky behaviors caused by this, promoting students' physical and mental health. doi: 10.1002/wps.20830, PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar, Birt, C. M., and Dion, K. L. (1987). The origins of RD theory began with historic World War II American Soldier studies (Pettigrew, 2015; Smithi et al., 2018). Psychol. The article analyzes relative deprivation as a possible factor of sociopolitical instability during the Arab Spring events using the methods of correlation and multiple regression analysis. Thus, further research should use a longitudinal design or experimental design to explore the realtions. Relative deprivation offers a plausible explanation for the paradox that average happiness has remained constant or even fallen despite sharp rises in income. Will the COVID-19 pandemic lead to long-term consumer perceptions, behavioral intentions, and acquisition decisions? Bull. Improvements of the happiness of the rural population are an essential sign of the effectiveness of relative poverty governance. 21, 561563. (2011). Associations of relative income deprivation with perceived happiness General belief in a just world and resilience: Evidence from a collectivistic culture. A., and Steele, M. C. (2013). The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the 16, 111. doi: 10.1002/da.10113, Cooke, G. P. E., Doust, J. The Chinese version has good reliability and validity (Xiong and Xu, 2009). Outcomes of belief in just world among victims of natural and man-made disaster: Moderating role of resilience. 1094, 112. However, the strong evidence of relative deprivation in these countries casts serious doubt on the welfare justifications of current growth-promoting policies [1], [11], [12]. Differ. Resilience plays an important role, as it is a potential means by which to facilitate the achievement of students who are disadvantaged or who are facing challenging situations. Dong, N. (2012). Impoverished countries may consider implementing a visibility-based consumption tax to cut positional spending among the poor. 32, 178. doi: 10.1123/tsp.2016-0068, Walker, I. (2006). and transmitted securely. Citation numbers are available from Dimensions, University Institute of Psychological, Social and Life Sciences (ISPA), Portugal, University of North Carolina Wilmington, United States. Sci. While absolute poverty can be reduced by raising the income of the poor, reducing relative poverty requires egalitarian measures. Relationships between perceived discrimination and life satisfaction in migrant children:the role of belief in a just world and teacher support.

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